Nokea
Which of the following statements is true regarding arterioles?
- A. they are less muscular than arteries, and the principle site of blood pressure regulation
- B. they are the most muscular of the major vessels, and have low blood flow velocity
- C. they are thin walled with little innervation
- D. they have no smooth muscle or connective tissue, and relatively low rates of blood flow
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Arterioles are smaller branches of arteries that lead to capillaries.
Step 2: Arterioles are indeed less muscular than arteries but more muscular than capillaries.
Step 3: Arterioles play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
Step 4: Choice A is correct as it accurately describes arterioles' role in blood pressure regulation.
Summary: Choice B is incorrect as arterioles are not the most muscular of major vessels. Choice C is incorrect as arterioles have significant innervation. Choice D is incorrect as arterioles do have smooth muscle and connective tissue, and they regulate blood flow efficiently.
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You're caring for Beth who underwent a Billroth II procedure (surgical removal of the pylorus and duodenum) for treatment of a peptic ulcer. Which findings suggest that the patient is developing dumping syndrome, a complication associated with this procedure?
- A. Flushed, dry skin
- B. Headache and bradycardia.
- C. Dizziness and sweating.
- D. Dyspnea and chest pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Dumping syndrome is a common complication post-Billroth II procedure due to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine. Choice C (dizziness and sweating) align with early dumping syndrome symptoms like vasomotor symptoms and hypoglycemia. Flushed, dry skin (A) is not typical, headache and bradycardia (B) are more indicative of vagal reaction, and dyspnea and chest pain (D) are not usually associated with dumping syndrome.
A nurse on the day shift is preparing to change a client's total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, but the new TPN solution has not arrived from the pharmacy. The client receives additional IV fat emulsion during the night shift. Which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A. Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered.
- B. Saline lock the IV catheter after discontinuing the TPN solution.
- C. Hang the IV fat emulsion solution.
- D. Call the provider for new TPN orders.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hang dextrose 10% in water (D10W) until the TPN solution is delivered. This is the correct action because the client is dependent on TPN for nutrition and cannot go without it. D10W provides a source of glucose to prevent hypoglycemia until the TPN solution arrives. It is important to maintain the client's glucose levels to prevent complications.
Choice B is incorrect because saline locking the IV catheter would not address the client's nutritional needs.
Choice C is incorrect because hanging the IV fat emulsion solution alone would not provide the necessary nutrients that the client needs from the TPN solution.
Choice D is incorrect because calling the provider for new TPN orders would delay the client from receiving essential nutrition. Hanging D10W is the most appropriate action to ensure the client's safety and well-being while waiting for the TPN solution to arrive.
Bile pigments:
- A. Are derived from globin portion of hemoglobin.
- B. Help in fat digestion and absorption.
- C. Are conjugated in the liver mainly with sulphate.
- D. Their level increases in blood in liver disease.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because bile pigments, such as bilirubin, increase in the blood in liver disease due to impaired liver function. Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells and is normally processed by the liver. Elevated levels of bile pigments in the blood are a common indicator of liver dysfunction.
Choice A is incorrect because bile pigments are derived from heme, not the globin portion of hemoglobin.
Choice B is incorrect because bile pigments aid in the emulsification of fats but do not directly help in fat digestion and absorption.
Choice C is incorrect as bile pigments are conjugated with glucuronic acid, not sulphate, in the liver.
The pancreas and liver release their secretions into the
- A. stomach.
- B. ileum.
- C. duodenum.
- D. jejunum.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: duodenum. The pancreas and liver release their secretions, such as pancreatic enzymes and bile, into the duodenum. This is because the duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where digestion primarily occurs. The stomach (A) is responsible for initial digestion of food, while the ileum (B) and jejunum (D) are parts of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients occurs, not secretion release.
Which part of the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients?
- A. small intestine
- B. stomach
- C. pancreas
- D. liver
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, the small intestine, because it is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the digestive system. The small intestine is lined with villi and microvilli, increasing its surface area for efficient absorption. It contains specialized cells that transport nutrients into the bloodstream for distribution to the body. The stomach (B) primarily breaks down food using digestive enzymes and acids, while the pancreas (C) secretes digestive enzymes but does not directly absorb nutrients. The liver (D) plays a role in bile production and detoxification, but nutrient absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine.