Nokea
Which of the following statements is true regarding the complement system?
- A. complement is released in an activated state
- B. complement is activated by native proteins in the blood
- C. complement is produced by glial cells in the brain
- D. complement is involved only in the adaptive immune response
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
C: Complement is produced by glial cells in the brain. This is true as glial cells secrete complement proteins to modulate immune responses in the brain. A: Complement is not released in an activated state but requires activation. B: Complement is activated by foreign molecules, not native proteins in the blood. D: Complement is part of the innate immune response, not just the adaptive immune response.
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Bile pigments:
- A. Are derived from globin portion of hemoglobin.
- B. Help in fat digestion and absorption.
- C. Are conjugated in the liver mainly with sulphate.
- D. Their level increases in blood in liver disease.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because bile pigments, such as bilirubin, increase in the blood in liver disease due to impaired liver function. Bilirubin is a waste product from the breakdown of red blood cells and is normally processed by the liver. Elevated levels of bile pigments in the blood are a common indicator of liver dysfunction.
Choice A is incorrect because bile pigments are derived from heme, not the globin portion of hemoglobin.
Choice B is incorrect because bile pigments aid in the emulsification of fats but do not directly help in fat digestion and absorption.
Choice C is incorrect as bile pigments are conjugated with glucuronic acid, not sulphate, in the liver.
Submucosal glands occur in the submucosa of the and they also occur in the _.
- A. Oesophagus and ileum
- B. Stomach and Duodenum
- C. Stomach and ileum
- D. Oesophagus and Duodenum
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stomach and Duodenum. Submucosal glands are found in the submucosa of the stomach and duodenum. In the stomach, these glands secrete mucus and bicarbonate to protect the lining from stomach acid. In the duodenum, they secrete mucus to protect the lining from the acidic chyme entering from the stomach. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because submucosal glands are not typically found in the oesophagus or ileum. The rationale for the correct answer is based on the anatomical location and function of submucosal glands in the gastrointestinal tract.
You're caring for Beth who underwent a Billroth II procedure (surgical removal of the pylorus and duodenum) for treatment of a peptic ulcer. Which findings suggest that the patient is developing dumping syndrome, a complication associated with this procedure?
- A. Flushed, dry skin
- B. Headache and bradycardia.
- C. Dizziness and sweating.
- D. Dyspnea and chest pain.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Dumping syndrome is a common complication post-Billroth II procedure due to rapid emptying of gastric contents into the small intestine. Choice C (dizziness and sweating) align with early dumping syndrome symptoms like vasomotor symptoms and hypoglycemia. Flushed, dry skin (A) is not typical, headache and bradycardia (B) are more indicative of vagal reaction, and dyspnea and chest pain (D) are not usually associated with dumping syndrome.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been experiencing severe diarrhea and can now resume solid foods. The nurse educates the patient about appropriate food choices. Which food choice indicates that the nurse's teaching has been successful?
- A. Whole-grain rice
- B. Wheat toast
- C. Applesauce
- D. Grapes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Applesauce. Applesauce is a low-fiber, easily digestible food that is gentle on the digestive system, making it an appropriate choice for someone recovering from severe diarrhea. It helps to bind stool and prevent further irritation. Whole-grain rice (choice A) and wheat toast (choice B) are high-fiber foods that may worsen diarrhea. Grapes (choice D) are high in natural sugars and can also aggravate diarrhea. In summary, the nurse's teaching is successful when the patient chooses applesauce because it is gentle on the digestive system and helps in recovery from diarrhea.
A nurse is providing teaching for a client who has a new diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The client asks about foods he should avoid eating. Which of the following foods should the nurse tell him to avoid?
- A. Nonfat milk
- B. Chocolate
- C. Apples
- D. Oatmeal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chocolate. Chocolate is high in fat and caffeine, which can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to increased acid reflux in GERD. Nonfat milk (A), apples (C), and oatmeal (D) are actually recommended for GERD as they are low in fat and acidic content, and can help reduce symptoms.