Nokea
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. A nephron is made up of renal tubules and renal corpuscles, both of which perform different functions. Which of the following parts of the nephron is not correctly paired with its function?
- A. Glomerulus – Filtration of blood
- B. Collecting Ducts – Secretion of water
- C. Loop of Henle – Reabsorption of water
- D. Proximal Convoluted Tubules – Reabsorption of ions and solutes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Collecting Ducts - Secretion of water. Collecting ducts are responsible for reabsorption of water, not secretion. The other choices are correctly paired: A) Glomerulus filters blood, C) Loop of Henle reabsorbs water, D) Proximal Convoluted Tubules reabsorb ions and solutes. Collecting ducts play a crucial role in concentrating urine by reabsorbing water under the influence of hormones like ADH.
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When the nurse is performing a genital examination on a male patient, which action is correct?
- A. Auscultating for the presence of a bruit over the scrotum
- B. Palpating for the vertical chain of lymph nodes along the groin, inferior to the inguinal ligament
- C. Palpating the inguinal canal only if a bulge is present in the inguinal region during inspection
- D. Having the patient shift his weight onto the left (unexamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Palpating for the vertical chain of lymph nodes along the groin, inferior to the inguinal ligament. This is the correct action during a male genital examination as it helps assess for any abnormalities or signs of infection in the lymphatic system. Palpating the lymph nodes allows the nurse to identify any swelling, tenderness, or enlargement which could indicate underlying health issues. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Auscultating for a bruit over the scrotum is not a standard practice during a genital examination and is not relevant to assessing male genital health.
C: Palpating the inguinal canal only if a bulge is present is incorrect as palpating the inguinal canal should be done regardless of the presence of a bulge to check for hernias.
D: Having the patient shift his weight is not a standard procedure during a genital examination and is not relevant to assessing male genital health.
Your patient does not seem to be responding to conservative treatment for acute renal failure, and dialysis is being considered. You understand that the main indication for dialysis is
- A. generalized edema
- B. elevated blood pressure
- C. elevated blood calcium
- D. a high and rising level of potassium
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: a high and rising level of potassium. Dialysis is indicated in acute renal failure when the patient has severe electrolyte imbalances, especially hyperkalemia, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Potassium levels must be closely monitored, and if they are high and continue to rise despite conservative treatment, dialysis is necessary to quickly lower the potassium levels. Generalized edema (A) is a symptom of renal failure but is not the main indication for dialysis. Elevated blood pressure (B) and elevated blood calcium (C) are not direct indications for dialysis in the context of acute renal failure.
How would you instruct the client to obtain a clean-catch midstream urine specimen?
- A. Increase fluid intake.
- B. Refrain from taking nephrotoxic drugs.
- C. Take sedative medications.
- D. Maintain limited physical activity.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choosing option D:
1. Instruct the client to maintain limited physical activity to prevent contamination of the urine sample.
2. Physical activity can introduce bacteria from sweat or skin into the specimen, leading to inaccurate results.
3. By limiting physical activity, the client can ensure a clean-catch midstream urine sample for accurate testing.
4. Increasing fluid intake (option A), refraining from nephrotoxic drugs (option B), and taking sedative medications (option C) are not directly related to obtaining a clean-catch midstream urine specimen.
A patient with suprapubic pain and symptoms of urinary frequency and urgency has two negative urine cultures. What is one assessment finding that would indicate interstitial cystitis?
- A. Residual urine greater than 200 mL
- B. A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing
- C. A voiding pattern that indicates psychogenic urinary retention
- D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Pain with bladder filling that is transiently relieved by urination is a classic symptom of interstitial cystitis. This pattern of pain is due to inflammation of the bladder lining, which worsens as the bladder fills with urine and improves temporarily after urination. This finding is specific to interstitial cystitis and not typically seen in other conditions.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect:
A: Residual urine greater than 200 mL is more indicative of bladder outlet obstruction or neurogenic bladder dysfunction, not specifically interstitial cystitis.
B: A large, atonic bladder on urodynamic testing is suggestive of neurogenic bladder or bladder outlet obstruction, not interstitial cystitis.
C: A voiding pattern indicating psychogenic urinary retention is more likely related to psychological factors affecting bladder function, not interstitial cystitis.
Which of the following viruses is most susceptible to acyclovir?: *
- A. Herpes simplex Type 1 virus
- B. Herpes simplex Type 2 virus
- C. Varicell
- D. zoster virus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acyclovir is a nucleoside analog that inhibits viral DNA replication by targeting viral DNA polymerase. Herpes simplex Type 1 virus is most susceptible to acyclovir because it is a DNA virus that requires viral DNA polymerase for replication. The drug is selectively activated by viral thymidine kinase in infected cells, leading to its antiviral activity. Herpes simplex Type 2, Varicella zoster, and other viruses do not possess the same susceptibility to acyclovir due to differences in their replication mechanisms.