Nokea
The "Gauli Bridge disaster" is related to
- A. RTA
- B. Silicosis
- C. Nuclear Accident
- D. Asbestosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Gauli Bridge disaster refers to a road traffic accident (RTA) that occurred in Nepal.
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Define the following terms: environmental epidemiology
- A. The study of disease patterns in populations.
- B. The study of chemical reactions in the environment.
- C. The study of genetic inheritance patterns.
- D. The study of physical activity and health.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Environmental epidemiology focuses on identifying and measuring exposures to environmental hazards and their health effects.
Describe the significance for epidemiology of the use of natural experiments.
- A. Natural experiments allow for randomized controlled trials.
- B. Natural experiments eliminate the need for data collection.
- C. Natural experiments provide real-world data without artificial manipulation.
- D. Natural experiments are only used in laboratory settings.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Natural experiments study real-world conditions, providing valuable insights into disease causation and prevention.
You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
Govt. of Nepal formulated the Drug act in
- A. 1978
- B. 1988
- C. 1976
- D. 1986
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The Drug Act was formulated in 1978.
What types of challenges impact the availability of a safe water supply?
- A. Pollution, aging infrastructure, climate change.
- B. Excessive rainfall, low temperatures.
- C. Unlimited freshwater sources, advanced filtration.
- D. High public investment, minimal regulation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Challenges include pollution, deteriorating infrastructure, and climate change affecting water resources.