Nokea
The geometric mean is the value that:
- A. Is midway between the lowest and highest value on a log scale
- B. Occurs most often on a log scale
- C. Has half the observations below it and half above it on a log scale
- D. Is statistically closest to all of the values in the distribution on a log scale
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Geometric mean finds the central tendency for a set of numbers by using the product of their values.
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PNMR refers to:
- A. post Neonatal mortality rate
- B. post natal mortality rate
- C. perinatal mortality rate
- D. prenatal mortality rate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Post-neonatal mortality rate refers to deaths occurring between 28 days and one year of age.
A local health department epidemiologist investigated an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness thought to be associated with a college cafeteria. There were many complaints about the quality of the cafeteria's offerings, and it appeared that the students' worst expectations were confirmed when several students visited the college's infirmary during the middle of the night and the following day complaining of nausea, diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and cramps. The health department's investigation revealed that 24 students had eaten in the cafeteria immediately before the outbreak. The times between eating in the cafeteria and the development of active symptoms ranged from 20 to 36 hours. A list of foods eaten, the number of persons eating the foods, and tabulations of illness are presented in Appendix 12. Fill in the attack rates where indicated. On the basis of your calculations, answer the following questions: What food or foods would you suspect caused the problem?
- A. Chicken salad
- B. Potato salad
- C. Both A and B
- D. Neither A nor B
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: High attack rates for both chicken and potato salads suggest they were contaminated.
First and foremost, element of PHC is
- A. Immunization
- B. FP/MCH
- C. Health education
- D. Provision of safe drinking water
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Health education is considered the cornerstone and first element of Primary Health Care (PHC).
The common characteristic that both experimental and quasi-experimental study should possess is
- A. Manipulation
- B. Control groups
- C. Randomization
- D. None
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Both experimental and quasi-experimental studies involve manipulation of variables.
The balancing equation is
- A. P1+(B-D)+(I-E)=P2
- B. P1-(B-D)-(I-E)=P2
- C. P2+(B-D)+(I-E)=P1
- D. P1+P1(B-D)+P1(I-E)=P2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The balancing equation for population change is P1 + (B-D) + (I-E) = P2, where B is births, D is deaths, I is in-migration, and E is out-migration.