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The greatest benefit derived from current work being done related to pharmacogenetics is that:
- A. The cost of medication manufacturing will be drastically reduced.
- B. Research and development of new drugs will be much less costly.
- C. Medications will be designed so that they do not cause unwanted side effects.
- D. Medications will be formulated so that only one dose per day will be required.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because pharmacogenetics allows medications to be designed based on an individual's genetic makeup, minimizing unwanted side effects. This is beneficial as it enhances treatment effectiveness and safety. Choice A is incorrect as cost reduction in manufacturing is not the primary focus of pharmacogenetics. Choice B is incorrect as research and development costs are not directly impacted by pharmacogenetics. Choice D is incorrect as the frequency of medication dosing is not the main benefit derived from pharmacogenetics.
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The psychosexual stage associated with fixation is
- A. Oral
- B. Anal
- C. Phallic
- D. Genital
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The anal stage is often linked to fixation (e.g., anal-retentive traits) if unresolved (Freud).
ne greatest incidence of extra marital sex for women occurs among those in their
- A. thirties
- B. fifties
- C. forties
- D. twenties
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Research shows women in their 40s are more likely to engage in extramarital sex, often tied to midlife shifts.
The nurse provides teaching on nevirapine (Viramune) for a patient who is HIV positive. Which patient statement indicates that teaching has been effective?
- A. Monitor for rash.
- B. Observe urine color.
- C. Report extremity pain.
- D. Monitor for flulike symptoms.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because monitoring for rash is a crucial aspect of nevirapine therapy due to the risk of severe skin reactions. This teaching is essential for the patient's safety and well-being. Option B is unrelated to nevirapine therapy. Option C is vague and not specific to nevirapine side effects. Option D is also important but less specific to nevirapine's adverse effects compared to monitoring for rash. Thus, the correct answer is A.
Which statement most accurately describes substance dependence?
- A. It is a lack of control over use. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms occur when intake is reduced or stopped.
- B. It occurs when psychoactive drug use interferes with the work of competing neurotransmitters.
- C. Symptoms occur when two or more drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS) have additive effects.
- D. It involves taking a combination of substances to weaken or inhibit the effect of another drug.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Answer A:
1. Substance dependence involves a lack of control over use, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
2. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are key indicators of substance dependence when intake is reduced or stopped.
3. These symptoms result from physiological changes in the body due to chronic drug use.
4. The cycle of tolerance and withdrawal reinforces the dependence on the substance.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B. Interference with neurotransmitters is more related to the pharmacological effects of drugs, not a defining feature of substance dependence.
C. Additive effects of drugs do not necessarily indicate substance dependence but rather interactions between different substances.
D. Combining substances to weaken effects does not define substance dependence; it is more about the compulsive use and physical dependence on a substance.
Which of the following are risk factors for pathological gambling?
- A. Impulsivity.
- B. Alcohol abuse.
- C. Parents who gamble.
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: All listed factors"impulsivity, alcohol abuse, parental gambling, and tolerance"are recognized risk factors for developing pathological gambling.