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The greatest negative personal result of stigma directed toward those diagnosed with a mental illness is:
- A. Low self-esteem.
- B. Impaired social skills.
- C. Poor employment prospects.
- D. Increased risk for substance abuse.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Low self-esteem. Stigma towards mental illness can lead to individuals internalizing negative beliefs about themselves, resulting in low self-esteem. This can impact their overall well-being and hinder their ability to seek help and engage in social activities. Impaired social skills (B) can be a consequence of stigma but is not the greatest negative personal result. Poor employment prospects (C) and increased risk for substance abuse (D) can also be outcomes of stigma, but they are not directly related to the individual's self-perception and personal well-being as low self-esteem.
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A client diagnosed with chronic depression appears sad and joyless when arriving at the mental health clinic for a scheduled appointment. The nurse best assesses the client's mood by:
- A. Observing the client's posture, dress, and hygiene in detail.
- B. Asking, 'You seem very sad and forlorn; are you depressed today?'
- C. Asking, 'On a scale of 0 to 10 with 10 being as happy as you can ever remember being, how do you feel today?'
- D. Observing the way the client interacts with other staff to determine whether the client is demonstrating signs of depression.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it directly assesses the client's self-reported mood level, providing valuable insight into their emotional state. By using a standardized scale, the nurse can quantitatively evaluate the client's mood, allowing for a more accurate assessment.
Choice A is incorrect because assessing posture, dress, and hygiene does not directly assess the client's mood; it provides information on physical appearance.
Choice B is incorrect because asking if the client is depressed is leading and may not elicit an accurate response; it assumes the client's emotional state.
Choice D is incorrect because observing interactions with staff may not accurately reflect the client's mood; it could be influenced by various factors such as social skills or current circumstances.
Using Bowen’s systems approach with a family in therapy, the therapist would:
- A. Try to change family principles that may be promoting dysfunctional behavior patterns.
- B. Strive to create change in destructive behavior through improvement in communication and interaction patterns.
- C. Encourage increase in the differentiation of individual family members.
- D. Promote change in dysfunctional behavior by encouraging the formation of more diffuse boundaries between family members.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because in Bowen's systems approach, the therapist focuses on increasing the differentiation of individual family members. This means helping each member develop their own sense of self and become more autonomous within the family system. By doing so, family members can better manage their emotions and relationships, leading to healthier dynamics.
Choice A is incorrect because Bowen's approach does not aim to change family principles but rather focuses on individual growth within the family system. Choice B is incorrect because the emphasis is not solely on improving communication but rather on enhancing differentiation. Choice D is incorrect because promoting more diffuse boundaries can actually lead to further dysfunction, as Bowen's approach emphasizes strengthening individual boundaries for healthier family functioning.
The psychosexual stage associated with toilet training is
- A. Oral
- B. Anal
- C. Phallic
- D. Genital
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The anal stage (1-3 years, Freud) involves control over bodily functions.
Which of the following health care system barriers can affect a patient's adherence?
- A. Treatment of asymptomatic disease
- B. Inadequate follow-up or discharge planning
- C. Forgetfulness
- D. Inadequate health insurance
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Inadequate follow-up or discharge planning disrupts continuity of care, a systemic barrier to adherence.
In general, what are the two common areas in schools in which children with hearing loss have troubles?
- A. Science and social studies
- B. One in four
- C. Reading and writing
- D. Math and science
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hearing loss impacts language skills, affecting reading and writing most.