Nokea
The humoral immunity is related to:
- A. Formation of specific antibodies form T cells
- B. Formation of specific antibodies from B cells
- C. Both are correct
- D. There is no correct answer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because humoral immunity involves the formation of specific antibodies by B cells. B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies to target specific antigens. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, not humoral immunity. Choice A is incorrect because T cells do not produce antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as only B cells are responsible for antibody production in humoral immunity. Choice D is incorrect as B cells play a crucial role in the humoral immune response.
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Which one of the following microorganisms of genus Bacillus is associated with food intoxication:
- A. Bacillus cereus
- B. Bacillus subtilis
- C. Bacillus anthracis
- D. All of them
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Bacillus cereus is associated with food intoxication due to its ability to produce toxins that cause gastrointestinal symptoms. B. subtilis is not known to cause food intoxication. B. anthracis causes anthrax, not food intoxication. Option D is incorrect as not all Bacillus species cause food intoxication.
“Athlete’s foot†is referred to as:
- A. tinea capitis
- B. tinea corporis
- C. tinea versicolor
- D. tinea pedis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: tinea pedis. Athlete's foot is a fungal infection that affects the feet, specifically the skin between the toes and on the soles. "Tinea pedis" is the medical term for athlete's foot, with "tinea" meaning a fungal infection and "pedis" referring to the foot.
A: tinea capitis refers to a fungal infection of the scalp, not the feet.
B: tinea corporis refers to a fungal infection of the body, not specifically the feet.
C: tinea versicolor refers to a fungal infection that causes discoloration of the skin, not typically on the feet.
In summary, the other choices are incorrect because they refer to fungal infections affecting different parts of the body, whereas "tinea pedis" specifically refers to athlete's foot.
A patient has roundish ulcers on his face, inflammation and enlargement of lymph nodes. These symptoms turned up as a result of mosquito bites. Laboratory examination of discharge from the ulcers revealed unicellular aflagellar organisms. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Dermatotropic leishmaniasis
- B. Toxoplasmosis
- C. Scabies
- D. Trypanosomiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is Dermatotropic leishmaniasis. The roundish ulcers, lymph node enlargement, and presence of unicellular aflagellar organisms in discharge are characteristic of this parasitic infection transmitted by sandfly bites. Leishmania parasites cause skin lesions and lymphadenopathy. Toxoplasmosis (B) presents with flu-like symptoms, not ulcers. Scabies (C) causes intense itching and burrows, not ulcers. Trypanosomiasis (D) presents with fever, not ulcers. In this case, the symptoms align closely with Dermatotropic leishmaniasis, making it the most likely diagnosis.
Taeniasis is an infection caused by organisms known as:
- A. ringworms
- B. hookworms
- C. tapeworms
- D. pinworms
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: tapeworms. Taeniasis is specifically caused by tapeworms of the Taenia species, such as Taenia solium. These parasitic worms infect the intestines of humans through consumption of contaminated food or water. Ringworms (choice A), hookworms (choice B), and pinworms (choice D) are all different types of parasites that cause distinct infections in the body, not taeniasis. Tapeworms are the only organisms among the choices that are directly associated with taeniasis due to their unique life cycle and mode of infection.
Which of these is an early symptom of rabies?
- A. A short period of depression
- B. Nausea
- C. Restlessness
- D. All of these
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because all of these symptoms are early signs of rabies. A short period of depression, nausea, and restlessness are common initial symptoms of rabies infection. These symptoms may be followed by more severe manifestations, such as aggression, confusion, and difficulty swallowing. Therefore, option D is the correct choice as it encompasses all the early symptoms of rabies. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they focus on individual symptoms, whereas rabies typically presents with a combination of these early signs.