Nokea
The immunity conferred by tetanus toxoid is best described as:
- A. Lifelong passive
- B. Temporary passive
- C. Long-lasting active
- D. Lifelong active
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tetanus toxoid provides long-lasting active immunity. When a person is vaccinated with tetanus toxoid, their immune system is stimulated to produce antibodies against the tetanus toxin. These antibodies provide protection against tetanus infection by recognizing and neutralizing the toxin if the person is exposed to the bacteria that causes tetanus in the future. This active immune response can last for many years, providing ongoing protection against tetanus. However, booster doses are recommended every 10 years to maintain adequate levels of protection.
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A patient with a history of stroke is at risk for impaired skin integrity due to immobility. Which nursing intervention is most effective in preventing pressure ulcers in this patient?
- A. Turning and repositioning the patient every 2 hours
- B. Massaging bony prominences regularly
- C. Applying heating pads to areas of erythema
- D. Using a pressure-reducing mattress
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Turning and repositioning the patient every 2 hours is the most effective nursing intervention in preventing pressure ulcers in a patient with a history of stroke and immobility. Pressure ulcers, also known as bedsores, are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin, leading to reduced blood flow and tissue damage. By regularly turning and repositioning the patient, pressure is relieved from specific areas of the body, helping to prevent the development of pressure ulcers. This intervention helps to redistribute pressure, improve blood flow, and reduce the risk of skin breakdown, thus promoting skin integrity in immobile patients.
The nurse would determine that her teaching goal one the use of a decongestant nasal spray has been met when the client says ______..
- A. "The spray should be used round-the-clock at equally spaced intervals"
- B. "Nasal sprays must be combined with an oral antihistamine to achieve relief"
- C. "Overuse can result in nosebleeds and mucosal ulceration"
- D. "Rebound rhinitis (rhinitis medicamentosa) is common with continued use"
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct statement that indicates the teaching goal has been met is when the client says, "The spray should be used round-the-clock at equally spaced intervals." This statement shows an understanding of how to properly use the decongestant nasal spray as instructed by the nurse. Using the spray round-the-clock at equally spaced intervals helps maintain consistent relief from congestion without the risk of overuse or rebound effects. This response indicates that the client has grasped the correct usage instructions for the decongestant nasal spray, which is the goal of the teaching.
Demography is concerned with the study of population. Which of the following are included in demographic profile?
- A. Size, composition, health status, and environment.
- B. Change in population, distribution, and health status
- C. Size, distribution, composition, and change in population.
- D. Size, distribution, and composition.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The demographic profile of a population encompasses various aspects, including size, distribution, composition, and change over time.
A patient presents with urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain. Urinalysis reveals pyuria and bacteriuria. Which of the following conditions is most likely?
- A. Acute glomerulonephritis
- B. Chronic kidney disease
- C. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- D. Renal calculi
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's presentation of urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain along with the urinalysis findings of pyuria (pus in the urine) and bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) are highly suggestive of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are one of the most common types of bacterial infections seen in clinical practice. The symptoms described are classic for a lower urinary tract infection. The presence of pyuria and bacteriuria on urinalysis further supports the diagnosis of a UTI. Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema. Chronic kidney disease is often asymptomatic in early stages and presents with symptoms like fatigue, edema, and changes in urination later on. Renal calculi are associated with severe colicky flank pain that can radiate to the groin, and they may present with
A patient with chronic kidney disease is prescribed calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder. Which instruction should the nurse provide to the patient regarding calcium carbonate administration?
- A. Take with meals
- B. Take on an empty stomach
- C. Take with a full glass of water
- D. Crush tablets before administration
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Calcium carbonate should be taken with meals because it requires the presence of stomach acid to be properly absorbed. Taking it with meals helps ensure optimal absorption and effectiveness as a phosphate binder in patients with chronic kidney disease. Administering calcium carbonate on an empty stomach may lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as upset stomach, bloating, and constipation. Taking it with a full glass of water is also recommended to help prevent potential gastrointestinal issues and to ensure proper hydration. Crushing tablets before administration is not advised unless specifically instructed by a healthcare provider, as it can alter the drug's release and absorption properties.