Nokea
The intestinal flora is:
- A. Mainly viruses
- B. Mainly found in the duodenum
- C. Needed for normal digestion
- D. Mainly found in the colon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Mainly found in the colon. Intestinal flora, also known as gut microbiota, is primarily located in the colon. This is because the colon provides an ideal environment for the growth and survival of the diverse array of beneficial bacteria that make up the intestinal flora. These bacteria play a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as digestion, immune system regulation, and vitamin production. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because intestinal flora are predominantly bacteria (not viruses), are not solely located in the duodenum but throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and are essential for normal digestion, not just needed.
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The _____ part of the stomach is the area that is connected to the esophagus.
- A. cardiac
- B. pyloric
- C. fundus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: cardiac. The cardiac part of the stomach is the region closest to the esophagus where food enters the stomach. It contains the cardiac sphincter, a muscular valve that regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach. The other choices, pyloric, fundus, and body, are incorrect because the pyloric region connects the stomach to the small intestine, the fundus is the top portion of the stomach, and the body is the main central region of the stomach where most digestion occurs.
The low pH of the stomach activates enzymes that digest ______ while inactivating enzymes that digest ______.
- A. lipids; proteins
- B. proteins; starch
- C. starch; proteins
- D. nucleic acids; starch
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the low pH of the stomach activates pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins, while inactivating salivary amylase, an enzyme that digests starch. Pepsin works optimally in an acidic environment, breaking down proteins into peptides. Salivary amylase, on the other hand, works best at a neutral pH and is denatured in the acidic stomach, leading to its inactivation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because lipids are primarily digested in the small intestine, and nucleic acids are not directly affected by the stomach's pH.
A nurse is caring for a client who has just returned from the PACU after a traditional cholecystectomy. In which of the following positions should the nurse place the client?
- A. Prone
- B. Semi-Fowler's
- C. Supported Sims'
- D. Dorsal recumbent
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Semi-Fowler's position. After a traditional cholecystectomy, placing the client in a Semi-Fowler's position (head of the bed elevated at 30-45 degrees) helps promote lung expansion, improve breathing, and reduce the risk of aspiration. This position also helps with comfort and aids in preventing complications such as respiratory issues and surgical site complications.
A: Prone position is incorrect as it involves lying on the stomach and is not appropriate for a client after cholecystectomy due to the risk of putting pressure on the abdomen and surgical site.
C: Supported Sims' position is incorrect as it is typically used for rectal examinations or enemas, not for post-cholecystectomy care.
D: Dorsal recumbent position is incorrect as it involves lying on the back with knees flexed, which may not provide optimal support and comfort for a client post-cholecystectomy.
A nurse is doing a nursing assessment on a patient with chronic constipation. What data obtained during the interview may be a factor contributing to the constipation?
- A. Taking methylcellulose (Citrucel) daily
- B. History of hemorrhoids and hypertension
- C. High dietary fiber with high fluid intake
- D. Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Suppressing the urge to defecate while at work. This behavior can lead to chronic constipation as it disrupts the natural bowel movement process. By holding in the urge to defecate, the stool can become harder and more difficult to pass, leading to constipation.
A: Taking methylcellulose daily is a form of fiber supplement that can actually help alleviate constipation by adding bulk to the stool and promoting regular bowel movements.
B: History of hemorrhoids and hypertension may be relevant to the patient's health but are not direct contributors to constipation.
C: High dietary fiber with high fluid intake is actually beneficial in preventing constipation by promoting healthy bowel movements.
The absorption of fructose by intestinal mucosa is
- A. co- transport mechanism
- B. simple diffusion
- C. facilitated transport
- D. active transport
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: facilitated transport. Fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion using specific carrier proteins in the intestinal mucosa. This process does not require energy input and allows fructose to move down its concentration gradient. Unlike active transport (requiring energy) and co-transport mechanisms (involving multiple substances), fructose absorption occurs through facilitated transport by specific carrier proteins. Simple diffusion is not the main mechanism for fructose absorption due to its hydrophilic nature. Thus, facilitated transport best describes how fructose is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.