Nokea
The small intestine:
- A. Is shorter than the large intestine
- B. Its internal surface area is smaller than the large intestine
- C. It absorbs less water than the large intestine
- D. It contains bacteria as found in the large intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the small intestine has a larger internal surface area compared to the large intestine due to its extensive folding and villi. This increased surface area enhances nutrient absorption efficiency. Choice A is incorrect as the small intestine is longer than the large intestine. Choice C is incorrect as the small intestine absorbs more water than the large intestine. Choice D is incorrect as the small intestine typically does not contain the same amount of bacteria as the large intestine, which is known for its significant bacterial population.
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Which of the following vitamins is not stored in the liver?
- A. C
- B. D
- C. B12
- D. A
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamin C. Vitamin C is water-soluble and not stored in the liver. It gets absorbed in the intestines and any excess is excreted in the urine. Vitamin D (choice B) is fat-soluble and stored in the liver. Vitamin B12 (choice C) is also stored in the liver. Vitamin A (choice D) is fat-soluble and stored in the liver as well. Thus, the correct answer is A as it is the only water-soluble vitamin among the options.
Bile salts:
- A. Protein emulsifier.
- B. Are needed by pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
- C. Are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
- D. Increase lipid surface tension.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bile salts are produced by the liver from cholesterol.
Rationale:
1. Bile salts aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats, not proteins (A).
2. Pancreatic amylase is responsible for carbohydrate digestion, not bile salts (B).
3. The liver synthesizes bile salts from cholesterol to facilitate fat digestion and absorption (C).
4. Bile salts reduce lipid surface tension to form micelles, aiding in fat digestion, rather than increasing it (D).
Which of these structures is responsible for the production of bile?
- A. pancreas
- B. liver
- C. gallbladder
- D. small intestine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: liver. The liver is responsible for the production of bile, which is a greenish-yellow fluid that aids in digestion by emulsifying fats. Bile is stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (not produced by it). The pancreas produces digestive enzymes, not bile. The small intestine is where bile is released to help with the digestion of fats, but it is not responsible for its production. Therefore, the liver is the correct answer as it is the primary organ involved in bile production.
A client with ulcerative colitis, who experiences severe diarrhea, is prescribed a cleansing enema to relieve the symptoms. Which of the following interventions should the nurse consider at this stage?
- A. Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema
- B. Educate the client about the procedure of cleansing enema
- C. Position the client comfortably to receive the cleansing enema
- D. Instruct the client to visit the toilet before receiving the enema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Question the physician about the use of the cleansing enema. In this scenario, the nurse should question the physician because administering a cleansing enema to a client with ulcerative colitis and severe diarrhea can potentially exacerbate the condition. The nurse needs to verify if the enema is the appropriate intervention and if there are alternative treatments that may be safer and more effective.
Summary:
- Choice B: Educating the client about the procedure does not address the potential risks of administering the enema.
- Choice C: Positioning the client comfortably is important but does not address the appropriateness of the enema.
- Choice D: Instructing the client to visit the toilet before the enema does not address the potential risks associated with the procedure.
In the production of the aqueous component of pancreatic juice, ______ ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct and sodium ions are exchanged for ______ ions.
- A. bicarbonate; hydrogen
- B. sodium; potassium
- C. bicarbonate; potassium
- D. hydrogen; potassium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because in the production of pancreatic juice, bicarbonate ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct to ensure the alkalinity of the pancreatic juice. Additionally, sodium ions are exchanged for hydrogen ions to maintain the pH balance. This process helps neutralize the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach. The other choices are incorrect because potassium ions are not directly involved in this specific process, and the exchange of sodium ions for potassium ions does not contribute to the regulation of pancreatic juice pH.