Nokea
The last mammalian structure that air moves through before the alveoli is the
- A. larynx.
- B. glottis.
- C. bronchioles.
- D. trachea.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bronchioles. After air passes through the trachea, it enters the bronchi, which further divide into bronchioles. The bronchioles are the last structures where air passes before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange. The larynx is involved in sound production and the glottis is the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx. While the trachea is the initial passage for air into the respiratory system, the bronchioles are the final branching structures where air reaches the alveoli, making them the correct answer.
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Sputum specimens are examined to detect which of the following?
- A. Foreign bodies
- B. Cancer cells
- C. Pulmonary emboli
- D. Inflammation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Sputum specimens are often examined for cancer cells in cases of suspected lung cancer. While foreign bodies (A) can sometimes be identified, they are less common in routine sputum analysis. Pulmonary emboli (C) cannot be detected via sputum examination; imaging studies are required. Inflammation (D) may be inferred from white blood cell counts, but detecting cancer cells is more specific and clinically significant.
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
- A. RBC metabolic activity
- B. temperature
- C. electrolyte balance
- D. the PO2 of blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: electrolyte balance. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is primarily influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). Electrolyte balance, on the other hand, does not directly impact hemoglobin's ability to bind with oxygen. Changes in electrolyte levels may affect overall blood composition but do not directly alter hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity. Therefore, electrolyte balance does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, making it the correct choice. RBC metabolic activity can impact oxygen release from hemoglobin, temperature can affect hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity, and the PO2 of blood directly influences oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
The nurse is developing a teaching plan for a 64-year-old client with coronary artery disease (CAD). Which factor should the nurse focus on during the teaching session?
- A. Family history of coronary artery disease
- B. Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level
- C. Greater risk associated with the patient's gender
- D. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease with aging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level. This is the most relevant factor to focus on during the teaching session for a client with CAD. Elevated LDL levels are a major risk factor for the development and progression of CAD. By addressing this factor, the nurse can educate the client on the importance of managing cholesterol levels through diet, exercise, and medication.
Incorrect choices:
A: Family history of CAD - While family history is a risk factor, it cannot be modified through education alone.
C: Greater risk associated with the patient's gender - Gender is a non-modifiable risk factor and not the primary focus for teaching.
D: Increased risk of cardiovascular disease with aging - While age is a risk factor, the focus should be on modifiable risk factors like LDL levels.
The organ of the respiratory system that traps bacteria with a ring of tonsils is the:
- A. nose
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharynx. The pharynx is the organ that traps bacteria with its tonsils. The tonsils are located in the pharynx and act as the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the respiratory system. The nose (choice A) is responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering air, but it does not trap bacteria with tonsils. The larynx (choice C) is involved in sound production and preventing food from entering the airway, not trapping bacteria. The trachea (choice D) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs, but it does not have tonsils to trap bacteria.
A nurse is caring for an older adult client who has a pulmonary infection. Which action should the nurse take first?
- A. Encourage the client to increase fluid intake.
- B. Assess the client's level of consciousness.
- C. Raise the head of the bed to at least 45 degrees.
- D. Provide the client with humidified oxygen.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct action for the nurse to take first is to assess the client's level of consciousness (Choice B) because it is essential to determine the client's current neurological status and mental acuity, which can indicate the severity of the infection and the need for immediate interventions. Assessing consciousness helps in identifying any signs of respiratory distress or potential complications. Encouraging fluid intake (Choice A) is important but not the priority when the client's respiratory status is uncertain. Raising the head of the bed (Choice C) is beneficial for improving oxygenation but should come after assessing the client's consciousness. Providing humidified oxygen (Choice D) is important for respiratory support but should be based on the assessment findings.