Nokea
The last mammalian structure that air moves through before the alveoli is the
- A. larynx.
- B. glottis.
- C. bronchioles.
- D. trachea.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bronchioles. After air passes through the trachea, it enters the bronchi, which further divide into bronchioles. The bronchioles are the last structures where air passes before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange. The larynx is involved in sound production and the glottis is the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx. While the trachea is the initial passage for air into the respiratory system, the bronchioles are the final branching structures where air reaches the alveoli, making them the correct answer.
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How many layers of pleura have
- A. 2
- B. visceral
- C. Parietal
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Pleura is a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity.
Step 2: There are two layers of pleura - visceral (inner layer covering the lungs) and parietal (outer layer lining the chest cavity).
Step 3: The correct answer is A (2), because there are only two layers of pleura.
Summary: Choice B and C are incorrect because they each represent only one layer of pleura, whereas the correct answer A encompasses both layers. Choice D is incorrect because it includes all options, which is not accurate in this case.
The metal associated with haemoglobin is
- A. Sodium
- B. Potassium
- C. Calcium
- D. Iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Iron. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, binding to oxygen molecules and facilitating their transport. Sodium, potassium, and calcium do not play a direct role in the structure or function of haemoglobin, making them incorrect choices. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia due to the lack of adequate oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
During transportation of Carbon dioxide, blood will not become acidic, because
- A. It contains hemoglobin
- B. It contains Hemoglobinc acid
- C. It contains Buffers
- D. It contains high CO2
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Choice C is correct because blood contains buffers like bicarbonate that help maintain pH balance by neutralizing excess acids or bases. This prevents blood from becoming acidic during CO2 transportation. Choices A and B are incorrect as hemoglobin doesn't directly regulate blood pH, and hemoglobinc acid is not a component in blood. Choice D is incorrect as high CO2 levels can actually lead to blood becoming more acidic if not properly buffered.
The nurse is performing an occupational history as part of the respiratory assessment. Which occupation(s) place the patient isn't at increased risk for an occupational lung disorder?
- A. A firefighter
- B. A cotton gin worker
- C. A construction contractor
- D. A bartender
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: A bartender. Bartenders are not typically exposed to occupational lung hazards like smoke, dust, or chemicals. Firefighters (A), cotton gin workers (B), and construction contractors (C) are all at increased risk due to exposure to smoke, cotton dust, and construction materials, respectively. As a result, the bartender is the least likely to develop an occupational lung disorder compared to the other professions listed.
Which of these factors does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
- A. RBC metabolic activity
- B. temperature
- C. electrolyte balance
- D. the PO2 of blood
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: electrolyte balance. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is primarily influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). Electrolyte balance, on the other hand, does not directly impact hemoglobin's ability to bind with oxygen. Changes in electrolyte levels may affect overall blood composition but do not directly alter hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity. Therefore, electrolyte balance does not affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, making it the correct choice. RBC metabolic activity can impact oxygen release from hemoglobin, temperature can affect hemoglobin's oxygen-binding capacity, and the PO2 of blood directly influences oxygen binding to hemoglobin.