Nokea
The least common late neurologic sequelae that may be encountered post craniospinal irradiation in a 9-year-old child with medulloblastoma is
- A. microcephaly
- B. learning disabilities
- C. cognitive impairment
- D. second malignancy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Second malignancy is a rare late effect compared to cognitive and learning impairments.
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Pneumocystic pneumonia. Which anemias are described as microcytic, hypochromic anemia?
- A. Vitamin B12 and iron deficiency anemia
- B. Folic acid and iron deficiency anemia
- C. Iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia
- D. Sickle cell anemia and anemia if chronic disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Microcytic, hypochromic anemia is characterized by small red blood cells with decreased hemoglobin content. Iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia are the two main types of anemia that present with these characteristics. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron in the body, which is essential for the production of hemoglobin. Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that results in decreased production of normal hemoglobin. Both conditions lead to small, pale red blood cells, fitting the description of microcytic, hypochromic anemia. Other choices such as Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (choice A), folic acid deficiency anemia (choice B), sickle cell anemia (choice D), and anemia of chronic disease (choice D) typically present as normocytic or macrocytic anemias.
Which is usually the only symptom of pediculosis capitis (head lice)?
- A. Itching
- B. Vesicles
- C. Scalp rash
- D. Localized inflammatory response
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most common symptom of pediculosis capitis, also known as head lice infestation, is itching of the scalp. Head lice feed on blood from the scalp, leading to irritation and allergic reactions, causing itching. Itching is often more prominent behind the ears and at the nape of the neck where head lice tend to lay their eggs (nits). While secondary symptoms such as scalp rash, vesicles, and localized inflammatory responses can occur due to scratching or allergic reactions, itching is typically the initial and predominant symptom of head lice infestation.
A newborn is diagnosed with retinopathy of prematurity. What should the nurse know about this diagnosis?
- A. Blindness cannot be prevented.
- B. No treatment is currently available.
- C. Cryotherapy and laser therapy are effective treatments.
- D. Long-term administration of oxygen will be necessary.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disorder of the developing retinal blood vessels in premature infants. Cryotherapy and laser therapy are both effective treatments for ROP. These treatments can help prevent vision loss and improve the chances of maintaining good vision. Prompt detection and intervention are key in managing ROP to prevent long-term visual impairment. Therefore, the nurse should be aware that cryotherapy and laser therapy are effective interventions for ROP, contrary to the options suggesting blindness cannot be prevented or no treatment is available. Long-term administration of oxygen can contribute to the development of ROP, so careful monitoring and management of oxygen levels are necessary in premature infants to prevent this condition.
The newborn with severe jaundice is at risk for developing:
- A. encephalopathy.
- B. bullous impetigo.
- C. respiratory distress.
- D. blood incompatibility.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Severe jaundice in a newborn puts them at risk for developing encephalopathy, which is a condition where bilirubin levels are significantly elevated and can lead to central nervous system dysfunction. If untreated or not managed promptly, high levels of bilirubin can potentially lead to brain damage. It is crucial to monitor and treat severe jaundice in newborns to prevent neurological complications like encephalopathy. Options B, C, and D are not directly associated with severe jaundice in newborns.
Nurse Kevin is assessing a newborn for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH); he would expect to assess which of the following?
- A. Characteristic limp
- B. Ortolani's sign
- C. Symmetrical gluteal folds
- D. Trendelenburg‘s signs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition where the hip joint does not properly form in babies and young children. To assess for DDH, healthcare professionals like Nurse Kevin utilize the Ortolani test. Ortolani's sign is a physical exam maneuver where the healthcare provider will gently manipulate the baby's hips to detect if there is a dislocated hip joint. Specifically, the Ortolani maneuver checks for the presence of a "clunk" as the femoral head relocates into the acetabulum, indicating that the hip joint is dislocated. Therefore, during the assessment of a newborn for DDH, Nurse Kevin would expect to assess for Ortolani's sign as it helps in the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip.