Nokea
The liver contains special blood channels termed _____.
- A. sinusoids
- B. central vein
- C. hepatic cells
- D. portal veins
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: sinusoids. Sinusoids are specialized blood channels found in the liver that allow for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and toxins between hepatocytes and blood. They play a crucial role in the liver's functions of detoxification, metabolism, and storage. Central vein (B) is a vessel located in the center of liver lobules, not a blood channel. Hepatic cells (C) refer to the liver cells themselves, not blood channels. Portal veins (D) are vessels that bring blood from the digestive organs to the liver, but they are not the special blood channels within the liver.
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Which type of cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid?
- A. parietal cells
- B. chief cells
- C. mucous cells
- D. enteric cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: parietal cells. Parietal cells are the specific type of cell in the stomach responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid. They play a crucial role in the digestion process by creating an acidic environment necessary for the activation of digestive enzymes and breakdown of food. Chief cells mainly produce pepsinogen, mucous cells secrete mucus for protection, and enteric cells are related to the enteric nervous system, not acid secretion in the stomach. Therefore, parietal cells are the correct choice for this question.
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
- A. fundus and body
- B. cardia and fundus
- C. body and pylorus
- D. body
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occurs in the fundus and body regions. These areas contain gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, which break down proteins. The fundus and body also mix and churn food to create chyme. The cardia and pylorus do not play a significant role in chemical digestion. The cardia is the entry point of the stomach and mainly responsible for food entry, while the pylorus regulates the release of chyme into the small intestine. The body region alone does not have as many gastric glands compared to the fundus and is mainly involved in mixing and storing food.
Saliva is needed for:
- A. Digestion of sucrose
- B. Digestion of phospholipids
- C. Ability to speak
- D. Breaking food down into small pieces
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which helps break down sucrose (a type of sugar) into glucose and fructose for digestion. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Saliva does not play a significant role in the digestion of phospholipids (B), speaking ability (C), or breaking food down into small pieces (D).
Bile production by the liver cells is increased by:
- A. Sympathetic activation
- B. Secretin
- C. CCK
- D. Bile salts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: CCK. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty acids and amino acids. It stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and increases bile production by the liver cells to aid in digestion. Sympathetic activation (choice A) typically inhibits digestive functions. Secretin (choice B) primarily stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion, not bile production. Bile salts (choice D) are products of bile, not direct stimulators of bile production. Therefore, CCK is the correct choice as it directly influences the production of bile by the liver cells.
A client has to undergo a barium enema for a suspected GI disorder. During the test, he experiences a strong urge to defecate and seeks the nurse's advice. Which of the following should the nurse do?
- A. Advise him to clear his bowel immediately
- B. Assure him that most people can retain the urge
- C. Give him analgesics to relieve him of the urge
- D. Instruct him to drink plenty of fluids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Assure him that most people can retain the urge. The rationale is as follows:
1. Retaining the urge during a barium enema is common due to the pressure from the barium solution.
2. Advising the client to clear his bowel immediately is incorrect because it may disrupt the test.
3. Giving analgesics to relieve the urge is incorrect as it does not address the issue.
4. Instructing to drink plenty of fluids is incorrect as it does not help in managing the urge.
In summary, choice B is correct as it reassures the client and helps maintain the integrity of the test.