Nokea
The lungs are covered by a two-layer membrane called the:
- A. pleura.
- B. diaphragm.
- C. respiratory membrane.
- D. intercostal muscles.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: pleura. The pleura is a two-layered membrane that covers the lungs. The outer layer is called the parietal pleura, which lines the chest wall, and the inner layer is called the visceral pleura, which covers the lungs themselves. This double-layered structure helps to protect and cushion the lungs during breathing movements.
Summary of incorrect choices:
B: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs that plays a role in breathing but does not cover the lungs.
C: The respiratory membrane refers to the interface where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, not the covering of the lungs.
D: The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and assist in breathing but do not cover the lungs.
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Which area represents the work to overcome airway resistance?
- A. ABCEA
- B. ABCFA
- C. AECFA
- D. ABCDOA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: AECFA. This sequence represents the flow of air through the respiratory system. Airway resistance is primarily overcome by the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the airways. The correct sequence includes the airway segments that actively participate in regulating airway resistance - the trachea (A), bronchi (E), and bronchioles (C and F). The other choices do not include the correct segments that are involved in overcoming airway resistance.
Henry's law states that
- A. gas volume and temperature are directly proportional
- B. gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional
- C. the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure
- D. in a mixture of gases such as air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Henry's law states that the volume of gas dissolved in a solvent is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the solvent. This means that as the gas pressure increases, more gas will dissolve in the solvent. Choice C correctly describes this relationship between gas pressure and gas solubility in a solvent. Choices A and B are not related to Henry's law. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information about Henry's law.
2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde through
- A. Embden Meyerhof pathway
- B. Krebs Hensleit cycle
- C. Hexose monophosphate shunt
- D. Cori cycle
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Embden Meyerhof pathway. In this pathway, 2,3 DPG is synthesized from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde through a series of enzymatic reactions involving intermediates like 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This process occurs in the glycolysis pathway, specifically in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. The other choices, B: Krebs Hensleit cycle, C: Hexose monophosphate shunt, and D: Cori cycle, are not involved in the direct synthesis of 2,3 DPG from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. Krebs Hensleit cycle is the citric acid cycle, Hexose monophosphate shunt is the pentose phosphate pathway, and Cori cycle is the process of lactate recycling in the liver.
In planning care for the patient with bronchiectasis, which nursing intervention should the nurse include?
- A. Relieve or reduce pain
- B. Prevent paroxysmal coughing
- C. Prevent spread of the disease to others
- D. Promote drainage and removal of mucus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In planning care for the patient with bronchiectasis, the nurse should include promoting drainage and removal of mucus to prevent further complications and improve respiratory function.
During inspiration, air passes into lungs due to
- A. Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
- B. Fall in pressure inside the lungs
- C. Increased volume of thoracic cavity
- D. Muscular expansion of lungs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Correct Answer: A - Increase in volume of thoracic cavity and fall in lung pressure
Rationale:
1. During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
2. The external intercostal muscles also contract, lifting the ribcage and further expanding the thoracic cavity.
3. As thoracic cavity volume increases, lung pressure decreases, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.
Summary:
B: Fall in pressure inside the lungs - This is a consequence of the increase in thoracic cavity volume, not the cause of air entering the lungs.
C: Increased volume of thoracic cavity - This is correct but does not explain how air enters the lungs.
D: Muscular expansion of lungs - Lungs do not expand on their own; it is the thoracic cavity that expands to create the pressure gradient for air entry.