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The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and organs that plays a vital role in:
- A. Transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells
- B. Carrying waste products away from tissues
- C. Regulating body temperature
- D. Producing red blood cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carrying waste products away from tissues. The lymphatic system functions to maintain fluid balance in the body by removing excess fluid, filtering out harmful substances, and transporting waste products away from tissues. It does not primarily focus on transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells, regulating body temperature, or producing red blood cells. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as the primary function of the lymphatic system is related to waste removal and maintaining fluid balance in the body, rather than roles such as nutrient transport, temperature regulation, or red blood cell production.
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The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defense. What are some physical barriers that contribute to the innate immune system?
- A. Antibodies
- B. Phagocytes
- C. Skin and mucous membranes
- D. Memory B cells
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are crucial components of the innate immune system's first line of defense. These barriers act as physical obstacles that prevent pathogens from entering the body. Antibodies (option A) are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific pathogens and do not serve as physical barriers. Phagocytes (option B) are cells that engulf and digest pathogens, playing a role in the innate immune response but not as physical barriers. Memory B cells (option D) are part of the adaptive immune system and aid in mounting a faster and more effective immune response upon subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen, but they are not physical barriers against initial pathogen entry.
What do isotopes of the same element have in common?
- A. Identical number of protons and neutrons.
- B. Identical chemical properties.
- C. Identical number of electrons.
- D. Identical mass number.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons, which defines the element, but different numbers of neutrons. This difference in neutron count results in isotopes of the same element having different mass numbers. Chemical properties are determined by the arrangement of electrons in an atom, so isotopes of the same element may exhibit slightly different chemical behaviors due to different neutron numbers. The number of electrons can vary in isotopes, affecting their charge. However, the mass number, which is the sum of protons and neutrons, is the same for isotopes of the same element. Therefore, the correct answer is that isotopes of the same element share an identical mass number.
What is the primary function of hematopoietic tissue?
- A. Building and repairing bone
- B. Supporting and connecting tissues
- C. Production of blood cells
- D. Contracting for movement
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The primary function of hematopoietic tissue is the production of blood cells. Hematopoietic tissue, primarily found in the bone marrow, is responsible for generating red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These blood cells are vital for oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the main function of hematopoietic tissue. Building and repairing bone is primarily carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, supporting and connecting tissues is a role of connective tissues like tendons and ligaments, and contracting for movement is a function of muscle tissue.
What is the difference between isometric and isotonic muscle contractions?
- A. Isometric involves movement, while isotonic does not.
- B. Isotonic involves shortening of muscle, while isometric maintains length.
- C. Isometric uses more energy, while isotonic uses less.
- D. Isotonic involves smooth muscle, while isometric involves skeletal muscle.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Isometric contractions occur when the muscle generates tension without changing its length, while isotonic contractions involve the muscle changing length to move a load. In isotonic contractions, the muscle shortens to move a load, whereas in isometric contractions, the muscle contracts to hold a position without movement. Choice A is incorrect because isometric contractions do not involve movement, while choice C is incorrect as isotonic contractions typically require more energy due to movement. Choice D is incorrect because the type of muscle involved (smooth or skeletal) is not the defining factor between isometric and isotonic contractions.
Which term describes the ability of a substance to conduct electricity?
- A. Reactivity
- B. Density
- C. Conductivity
- D. Viscosity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Conductivity is the correct term used to describe the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. Reactivity is the measure of a substance's tendency to undergo chemical reactions. Density refers to the mass per unit volume of a substance, while viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. In the context of conducting electricity, conductivity is the most appropriate term as it directly relates to the substance's electrical conductive properties.