Nokea
The main regulator of water reabsorption is
- A. renin
- B. angiotensin
- C. antidiuretic hormone
- D. aldosterone
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: antidiuretic hormone. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys by increasing permeability of the collecting ducts to water. This allows for reabsorption of more water back into the bloodstream, reducing urine output and maintaining water balance. Renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone are involved in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance, not specifically water reabsorption. Therefore, ADH is the main regulator of water reabsorption in the body.
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Which of these statements is most appropriate when the nurse is obtaining a genitourinary history from an older man?
- A. Do you need to get up at night to urinate?
- B. Do you experience nocturnal emissions, or wet dreams?
- C. Do you know how to perform a testicular self-examination?
- D. Has anyone ever touched your genitals when you did not want them to?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it pertains to a common genitourinary issue in older men, nocturia. Nocturnal emissions (choice B) are not typically relevant in this context. Testicular self-examination (choice C) is more appropriate for younger men, and asking about unwanted touching (choice D) is not relevant to obtaining a genitourinary history. Asking about nocturia can provide valuable information about potential prostate issues, urinary tract infections, or other conditions commonly affecting older men.
Furosemide acts by inhibiting the following in the renal tubular cell: *
- A. Na +K + ATPase
- B. Na +/Cl - transporter
- C. Na +K +/ 2Cl - transporter
- D. Na +H + antiporter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Furosemide inhibits the Na+K+/2Cl- transporter in the renal tubular cell. This transporter is responsible for reabsorbing sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream. By inhibiting this transporter, furosemide prevents the reabsorption of these ions, leading to increased excretion of water and electrolytes, thereby promoting diuresis. Na+K+ ATPase (A) is not the target of furosemide. Na+/Cl- transporter (B) is not the primary mechanism of action for furosemide. Na+H+ antiporter (D) is not the target of furosemide in the renal tubular cell.
What manifestation in the patient will indicate the need for restriction of dietary protein in management of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)?
- A. Hematuria
- B. Proteinuria
- C. Hypertension
- D. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Proteinuria. In APSGN, glomerular inflammation leads to impaired filtration, causing loss of protein in urine. Restricting dietary protein helps reduce proteinuria and slows kidney damage. Hematuria (A) is common but not a direct indication for dietary protein restriction. Hypertension (C) may require dietary sodium restriction. Elevated BUN (D) indicates impaired kidney function, but not a direct indication for protein restriction. In summary, in APSGN, proteinuria is the key manifestation necessitating dietary protein restriction to manage kidney damage.
Clients who have had a ureterolithotomy should be taught to expect
- A. a great deal of postoperative pain
- B. postoperative depression
- C. enforced bed rest for a week postoperatively
- D. large amounts of drainage from the tissue drain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because after a ureterolithotomy, there may be drainage from the tissue drain, which is a normal occurrence. This drainage helps to prevent complications such as infection and promotes healing. The drainage should decrease over time as the body heals. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the typical expectations following a ureterolithotomy procedure. Postoperative pain should be managed with medication, postoperative depression may occur but is not a universal expectation, and enforced bed rest for a week is not typically necessary.
One of the primary functions of the kidney is to filter blood in order to remove substances that have no useful function in the body. Which of the following is the correct path of blood from the abdominal aorta to the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
- A. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – segmental arteries – interlobar arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – efferent arteries – glomerulus – afferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- B. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – interlobar arteries – segmental arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- C. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – segmental arteries – interlobar arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
- D. abdominal aorta – renal arteries – interlobar arteries – interlobular arteries – segmental arteries – arcuate arteries – afferent arteries – glomerulus – efferent arteries – peritubular capillaries – interlobular veins – arcuate veins – interlobar veins – renal veins – inferior vena cava
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct path of blood flow in the kidney is from the abdominal aorta to the renal arteries, then to the segmental arteries, followed by interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arteries, glomerulus, efferent arteries, peritubular capillaries, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, and finally to the inferior vena cava. Choice C accurately follows this sequential flow of blood, making it the correct answer.
Explanation for why other choices are incorrect:
- Choice A has the incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, which disrupts the correct flow.
- Choice B also has an incorrect sequence of interlobar and interlobular arteries, leading to an inaccurate path.
- Choice D has the interlobar and interlobular arteries in the wrong order, deviating from the correct blood flow pathway.