Nokea
The main structure components of Viruses are:
- A. Glycoproteins and proteins
- B. Nucleic acids and lipids
- C. Nucleic acid and proteins
- D. Lipids and proteins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nucleic acid and proteins. Viruses contain genetic material in the form of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. This genetic material carries instructions for viral replication. Proteins are also essential components of viruses, serving various functions like facilitating viral entry into host cells. Option A is incorrect as lipids are not main components of viruses. Option B is incorrect as lipids are not typically found in the main structure of viruses. Option D is incorrect as lipids are not primary components of viruses, and glycoproteins are not always present in the main structure of viruses.
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Which bacterium is known for producing a green pigment called pyocyanin?
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. Clostridium difficile
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is known for producing pyocyanin, a green pigment. This bacterium is commonly associated with infections in immunocompromised individuals. Staphylococcus aureus (choice A) produces golden-yellow pigments, not green. Escherichia coli (choice C) and Clostridium difficile (choice D) do not produce pyocyanin. Therefore, the correct choice is B based on the characteristic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
A patient with a sore throat had a throat smear revealing Gram-positive cocci in pairs. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes.
Rationale:
1. Gram-positive cocci in pairs suggest Streptococcus species.
2. Catalase-negative rules out Staphylococcus.
3. Beta-hemolytic indicates Streptococcus pyogenes due to its beta-hemolytic properties.
Summary:
B: Streptococcus pneumoniae is catalase-negative but not beta-hemolytic.
C: Enterococcus faecalis is not typically beta-hemolytic.
D: Staphylococcus aureus is catalase-positive and not typically in pairs.
Microscopic examination of a microbial culture revealed fusiform spore-forming microorganisms that get violet-blue Gram's stain. What microorganisms were revealed?
- A. Clostridia
- B. Streptococci
- C. Spirochaete
- D. Actinomycete
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridia. Fusiform spore-forming microorganisms that stain violet-blue with Gram's stain are characteristic of Clostridia. Clostridia are anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria known for their ability to form spores and cause diseases such as tetanus and botulism.
Summary of other choices:
B: Streptococci are spherical, not fusiform, and typically do not form spores.
C: Spirochaete are spiral-shaped bacteria and do not typically form spores.
D: Actinomycete are filamentous bacteria that do not typically form spores and do not stain violet-blue with Gram's stain.
The papillary layer of the skin is part of the:
- A. epidermis
- B. dermis
- C. hypodermis
- D. subcutaneous layer
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: dermis. The papillary layer is located in the dermis, specifically at the junction with the epidermis. It contains capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory receptors, contributing to the skin's strength and elasticity. The epidermis (choice A) is the outermost layer of the skin, while the hypodermis (choice C) and subcutaneous layer (choice D) are deeper layers beneath the dermis, primarily composed of fat cells and connective tissue. Therefore, the papillary layer is part of the dermis, making choice B the correct answer.
Which of the following diseases is generally caused by contaminated food?
- A. Mumps
- B. Shigellosis
- C. Legionellosis
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Shigellosis. Shigellosis is caused by the bacteria Shigella, commonly transmitted through contaminated food and water. The bacteria can spread easily in unsanitary conditions. Mumps (A) is a viral infection spread through respiratory droplets. Legionellosis (C) is caused by the Legionella bacteria found in water sources like cooling towers. Tuberculosis (D) is a bacterial infection transmitted through the air. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it directly relates to contaminated food transmission.