Nokea
The mechanism of action for entacapone is:
- A. COMT inhibition
- B. MAO-B inhibition
- C. D2-receptor inhibition
- D. Dopa-decarboxylase inhibition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Entacapone works by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which prolongs the effect of levodopa by preventing its breakdown.
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The Bell's phenomenon:
- A. occurs during normal blinking
- B. if absent suggests brain stem disease
- C. is absent in Bell's palsy
- D. is reduced or absent in patients with thyroid orbitopathy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Bell's phenomenon, an upward and outward eye movement during eyelid closure, is reduced or absent in thyroid orbitopathy due to restricted eye movements. It is not typically absent in Bell's palsy or brain stem disease.
The nurse positions a client who is being treated for a fracture. Why should care be taken to position the client's joints in an anatomic alignment?
- A. To prevent deep vein thrombosis
- B. To facilitate the lung expansion and prevent the pooling of secretions
- C. To prevent the escalation of the pain and swelling
- D. To prevent damage to the peripheral nerves and the blood vessels
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Proper alignment prevents nerve and vascular damage.
Which of the following is the causative agent of East African trypanosomiasis?
- A. Trypanosoma cruzi
- B. Trypanosoma vivax
- C. Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese
- D. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese. East African trypanosomiasis is caused by Trypanosoma brucei, specifically the subspecies Trypanosoma brucei rhodanese. This parasite is transmitted by tsetse flies and infects humans, causing sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma cruzi (Choice A) causes Chagas disease, not East African trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma vivax (Choice B) causes a different form of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Choice D) is responsible for West African trypanosomiasis, not the East African form. Therefore, the correct choice is C.
To assess for a possible seizure disorder, the nurse should:
- A. Observe the patient for any involuntary movements or altered consciousness.
- B. Measure the patient's heart rate.
- C. Inspect the patient's skin for rashes.
- D. Check the patient's blood glucose levels.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Seizure disorders are assessed by observing for involuntary movements or altered consciousness. Heart rate, skin rashes, and blood glucose levels are unrelated to seizure assessment.
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?
- A. adrenal medulla
- B. salivatory gland
- C. reproductive gland
- D. thymus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland and secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress, leading to fight-or-flight responses. The salivary gland produces saliva, the reproductive gland produces sex hormones, and the thymus produces T-cells for the immune system, none of which are related to fight-or-flight responses.