Nokea
The metal associated with haemoglobin is
- A. Sodium
- B. Potassium
- C. Calcium
- D. Iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Iron. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, binding to oxygen molecules and facilitating their transport. Sodium, potassium, and calcium do not play a direct role in the structure or function of haemoglobin, making them incorrect choices. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia due to the lack of adequate oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
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Which of the following is a risk factor for developing heart failure?
- A. Regular exercise
- B. Low blood cholesterol levels
- C. Smoking
- D. Adequate sleep
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Smoking. Smoking is a risk factor for developing heart failure because it damages the blood vessels, increases blood pressure, and reduces oxygen delivery to the heart. Regular exercise (A) is actually beneficial for heart health. Low blood cholesterol levels (B) are generally considered a positive factor for heart health. Adequate sleep (D) is important for overall well-being but is not a direct risk factor for heart failure. In conclusion, smoking (C) stands out as the correct answer due to its harmful effects on the cardiovascular system.
A sensitized B cell is activated once:
- A. it binds a helper T cell that releases cytokines.
- B. it binds a cytotoxic T cell.
- C. memory B cells have been cloned.
- D. it has cloned plasma cells.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because a sensitized B cell requires activation by a helper T cell releasing cytokines to undergo differentiation and proliferation into plasma cells. This interaction is crucial for initiating the humoral immune response. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because binding to a cytotoxic T cell, cloning of memory B cells, or cloning of plasma cells do not directly activate a sensitized B cell for its function in producing antibodies.
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
- A. asthma
- B. bronchitis
- C. emphysema
- D. tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer because it is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and connective tissues in the lungs, leading to reduced respiratory surface area. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs. Emphysema best fits the description provided in the question.
The nurse is teaching a client with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) about the prescribed CPAP. What information does the nurse NOT include?
- A. Insurance will cover the cost if you wear it at least 4 hours a day.
- B. Once the delivery mask is adjusted, do not loosen the straps.
- C. The CPAP provides pressure that holds your upper airways open.
- D. You need to clean the mask at least once a week to prevent infection.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because insurance coverage for CPAP machines is generally not based on the number of hours it is worn per day but rather on medical necessity. The nurse would not include this information as it could lead to misunderstanding and incorrect assumptions. Choice B is incorrect because adjusting the mask may be necessary for comfort. Choice C is correct as CPAP does provide pressure to keep airways open. Choice D is also correct as cleaning the mask regularly is essential to prevent infections.
The organ of the respiratory system that traps bacteria with a ring of tonsils is the:
- A. nose
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharynx. The pharynx is the organ that traps bacteria with its tonsils. The tonsils are located in the pharynx and act as the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the respiratory system. The nose (choice A) is responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering air, but it does not trap bacteria with tonsils. The larynx (choice C) is involved in sound production and preventing food from entering the airway, not trapping bacteria. The trachea (choice D) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs, but it does not have tonsils to trap bacteria.