Nokea
The metal associated with haemoglobin is
- A. Sodium
- B. Potassium
- C. Calcium
- D. Iron
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Iron. Haemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Iron is an essential component of haemoglobin, binding to oxygen molecules and facilitating their transport. Sodium, potassium, and calcium do not play a direct role in the structure or function of haemoglobin, making them incorrect choices. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia due to the lack of adequate oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
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Inflammation of the lungs covering causing severe chest pain is
- A. Emphysema
- B. Pleurisy
- C. Asphyxia
- D. Hypoxia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pleurisy. Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs, causing severe chest pain. Emphysema (A) is a chronic lung condition causing shortness of breath, not chest pain. Asphyxia (C) is a condition of insufficient oxygen, not related to lung inflammation. Hypoxia (D) is low oxygen levels in tissues, not specific to lung covering inflammation. Pleurisy is the only choice directly related to inflammation of the lungs' covering, making it the correct answer.
The obstructive lung disease in which connective tissues are lost, alveolar surfaces are damaged, and the respiratory surface is reduced is called
- A. asthma
- B. bronchitis
- C. emphysema
- D. tuberculosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer because it is characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls and connective tissues in the lungs, leading to reduced respiratory surface area. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs. Emphysema best fits the description provided in the question.
How much does the inspired O2 concentration have to be raised to abolish the hypoxaemia?
- A. 5%
- B. 7%
- C. 10%
- D. 15%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B (7%). To abolish hypoxemia, inspired O2 concentration needs to be increased sufficiently to raise arterial oxygen levels. A 7% increase is generally effective in achieving this without causing oxygen toxicity. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because a 5% increase may not be enough to abolish hypoxemia, a 10% increase can lead to oxygen toxicity, and a 15% increase is excessive and unnecessary for treating hypoxemia. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate and balanced choice for addressing hypoxemia effectively.
The organ of the respiratory system that traps bacteria with a ring of tonsils is the:
- A. nose
- B. pharynx
- C. larynx
- D. trachea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: pharynx. The pharynx is the organ that traps bacteria with its tonsils. The tonsils are located in the pharynx and act as the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the respiratory system. The nose (choice A) is responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering air, but it does not trap bacteria with tonsils. The larynx (choice C) is involved in sound production and preventing food from entering the airway, not trapping bacteria. The trachea (choice D) is the windpipe that carries air to and from the lungs, but it does not have tonsils to trap bacteria.
The last mammalian structure that air moves through before the alveoli is the
- A. larynx.
- B. glottis.
- C. bronchioles.
- D. trachea.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: bronchioles. After air passes through the trachea, it enters the bronchi, which further divide into bronchioles. The bronchioles are the last structures where air passes before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange. The larynx is involved in sound production and the glottis is the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx. While the trachea is the initial passage for air into the respiratory system, the bronchioles are the final branching structures where air reaches the alveoli, making them the correct answer.