Nokea
The MOST common behavioral sleep disorder in a 4-month-old baby who needs to be rocked to sleep is
- A. early signs of ADHD
- B. primary restless legs syndrome
- C. sleep terrors
- D. sleep-onset association disorder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sleep-onset association disorder involves reliance on specific conditions to fall asleep.
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Which of the following problems associated with anemia best explains why Aisa becomes dizzy during periods of physical activity?
- A. A sudden drop in blood pressure
- B. Insufficient cerebral oxygenation
- C. Decreased level of serum glucose
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Anemia is a condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, which can result in inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues and organs, including the brain. When Aisa engages in physical activity, her body's oxygen demand increases. However, due to her anemia, there is a reduced capacity to transport oxygen to meet the increased demand. This mismatch between oxygen supply and demand leads to insufficient oxygen reaching her brain, resulting in dizziness. This symptom is consistent with the explanation of insufficient cerebral oxygenation in the context of anemia.
Which of the following immunoglobulins is first produced during an acute infection?
- A. IgG
- B. IgE
- C. IgM
- D. IgD
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced during an acute infection. It is the first class of antibodies secreted by B cells in response to an antigenic challenge. IgM antibodies are produced initially in primary immune responses and play a crucial role in activating the complement system. IgG is produced after IgM and is the most abundant immunoglobulin in the secondary immune response. IgE is responsible for allergic reactions, and IgD's function is not fully understood but is believed to be involved in the activation of B cells.
The ductus arteriosus is another fetal structure that is important in the intrauterine life. It functions to:
- A. Shunts the combined cardiac output from the pulmonary artery to the aorta going to the lungs
- B. Shunts the combined cardiac output from the pulmonary artery to the systemic circulation
- C. Shunts the combined cardiac output from the aorta to the pulmonary artery and later to the pulmonary veins
- D. Shunts the combined cardiac output from the aorta to the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle 48
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The ductus arteriosus is a fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Its main function is to bypass the non-functional fetal lungs by shunting blood from the pulmonary artery (which carries deoxygenated blood) directly to the systemic circulation, specifically the aorta. This allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to be distributed to the body's organs and tissues without having to first pass through the lungs for oxygen exchange. After birth, when the baby begins to breathe and oxygenate its blood through the lungs, the ductus arteriosus normally closes within the first few days to weeks of life.
In planning safe care for the older adult, which of the ff. conditions does the nurse recognize would not cause visual problems?
- A. Glaucoma
- B. Macular degeneration
- C. Cataracts
- D. Arcus senilis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Arcus senilis is a condition characterized by a white or gray ring forming around the cornea and does not typically cause visual problems. It is a common and benign condition often seen in older adults. On the other hand, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and cataracts are all eye conditions that can significantly affect vision and lead to visual impairments in older adults. Therefore, in planning safe care for the older adult, the nurse should recognize that Arcus senilis would not cause visual problems unlike the other conditions mentioned.
Which of the following is the most important assessment during the acute stage of an unconscious patient like Mr. Franco?
- A. Level of awareness and response to pain
- B. Papillary reflexes and response to sensory stimuli
- C. Coherence and sense of hearing
- D. Patency of airway and adequacy of respiration
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the acute stage of an unconscious patient like Mr. Franco, the most critical assessment is ensuring the patency of the airway and evaluating the adequacy of respiration. Maintaining a clear airway is essential to ensure that oxygen can reach the lungs and be circulated to vital organs. Without proper airway management, a patient's condition can quickly deteriorate due to hypoxia, leading to severe complications or even death. Therefore, assessing and securing the airway is the priority in the initial management of an unconscious patient to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Monitoring the respiration rate, depth, and effort is crucial to identify any signs of respiratory distress or failure that require immediate intervention. Once the airway and breathing are addressed, further assessments related to neurological function and sensory responses can be conducted.