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The MOST common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children is
- A. obesity
- B. allergies
- C. adenotonsillar hypertrophy
- D. pharyngeal reactive edema due to gastroesophageal reflux
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the leading cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children.
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A school-age child has been admitted to the hospital with an exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. Which clinical manifestations should the nurse expect to assess? (Select all that apply.)
- A. Weight loss
- B. Facial edema
- C. Cloudy smoky brown-colored urine
- D. Fatigue
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Facial edema is a common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome due to fluid retention and protein loss in the urine.
Which is the most appropriate vision acuity test for a child who is in preschool?
- A. Cover test
- B. Ishihara test
- C. HOTV chart
- D. Snellen letter chart
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The HOTV chart is the most appropriate vision acuity test for a child who is in preschool. The HOTV chart is specifically designed for young children who may not yet know their letters. It uses simple shapes (H, O, T, V) instead of letters for visual acuity testing, making it more suitable and engaging for preschool-aged children. This chart allows for an accurate assessment of a child's visual acuity even before they are able to recognize letters, ensuring early detection of any vision problems that may affect their learning and development. The other options, such as the Cover test, Ishihara test, and Snellen letter chart, are more commonly used for older children and adults.
The following are known to be causes of hepatitis except:
- A. virus
- B. toxin
- C. bacteria
- D. chemicals and drugs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, and it can be caused by viruses, toxins, or chemicals and drugs. Bacteria, however, do not typically cause hepatitis. Common viral causes of hepatitis include hepatitis A, B, and C. Toxins like alcohol and certain medications, as well as exposure to chemicals, can also lead to hepatitis. Therefore, bacteria are not considered one of the primary causes of hepatitis.
A client who reports increasing difficulty swallowing, weight loss, and fatigue is diagnosed with esophageal cancer. Because this client has difficulty swallowing, the nurse should assign highest priority to:
- A. Helping the client cope with body image
- B. Maintaining a patent airway.
- C. Preventing injury.
- D. Ensuring adequate nutrition.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In a client with esophageal cancer who is experiencing difficulty swallowing, maintaining a patent airway is the highest priority. The client is at risk for aspiration due to the compromised ability to swallow, which could lead to respiratory distress, choking, or aspiration pneumonia. Adequate oxygenation is essential for the client's survival and must be addressed as the priority issue. While coping with body image, preventing injury, and ensuring nutrition are important aspects of care, they are secondary to ensuring the client's airway remains open and clear to prevent respiratory complications.
Nearly all cervical carcinomas contain human papillomavirus (HPV). Which of the following types is never associated with such malignancy?
- A. type6
- B. type 16
- C. type 18
- D. type 31
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: HPV type 6 is typically associated with low-grade lesions and genital warts, not cervical carcinoma.