Nokea
The most common preventive drug therapy for tuberculosis is:
- A. Prednisone.
- B. Isoniazid.
- C. Gamma globulin.
- D. Aminophylline.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Isoniazid. Isoniazid is the most common preventive drug therapy for tuberculosis due to its effectiveness in treating latent TB infections. It works by killing the bacteria that cause TB. Prednisone is a steroid and not used as a preventive therapy for TB. Gamma globulin is used for immune deficiency disorders, not TB prevention. Aminophylline is a bronchodilator used for asthma, not TB prevention. In summary, isoniazid is the preferred choice for TB prevention due to its specific antimycobacterial action, while the other options are unrelated or ineffective for this purpose.
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What is the relationship between the pressures at label '8'?
- A. P outside = P inside
- B. P outside > P inside
- C. P outside < P inside
- D. P outside + P inside
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: P outside < P inside. This is because pressure decreases as altitude increases. At label '8', the pressure outside the object (presumably at a higher altitude) is lower than the pressure inside the object. This is due to the decrease in air pressure with increasing altitude. Choice A is incorrect because at higher altitudes, the pressure outside is lower than inside. Choice B is incorrect as it suggests the opposite relationship. Choice D is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the relationship between the pressures at label '8'.
Which of the following lymphocytes are involved in innate immunity?
- A. natural killer (NK) cells
- B. plasma cells
- C. CD8 T cells
- D. B memory cells
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in innate immunity as they are able to directly kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells without prior sensitization. They are part of the body's first line of defense against infections. Plasma cells, CD8 T cells, and B memory cells are all part of adaptive immunity, which involves a specific response to pathogens and requires prior exposure. Therefore, they are not involved in innate immunity.
While assessing an acutely ill patient's respiratory rate, the nurse assesses four normal breaths followed by an episode of apnea lasting 20 seconds. How should the nurse document this finding?
- A. Eupnea
- B. Apnea
- C. Biot's respiration
- D. Cheyne-Stokes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Biot's respiration. Biot's respiration is characterized by regular breathing interrupted by periods of apnea. In this scenario, the nurse observed normal breaths followed by a 20-second episode of apnea, which aligns with Biot's respiration. It is crucial to document this finding accurately to ensure appropriate care.
Incorrect answers:
A: Eupnea refers to normal breathing without any interruptions or irregularities. The presence of apnea in the scenario rules out eupnea.
B: Apnea would be an incomplete assessment as it does not capture the alternating pattern of normal breaths and apnea observed in Biot's respiration.
D: Cheyne-Stokes breathing involves a cyclical pattern of gradually increasing and decreasing breathing rates, which is not evident in the scenario described.
When the diaphragm and external intercostals muscles contract, which of the following actions does NOT occur?
- A. air moves into the lung
- B. the intrapleural pressure increases
- C. the diaphragm moves inferiorly
- D. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When the diaphragm and external intercostals contract, the thoracic cavity expands, causing the lungs to expand and the intrapulmonary pressure to decrease (choice D). This decrease in pressure allows air to flow into the lungs (choice A). The diaphragm moves inferiorly during contraction, not superiorly (choice C). The intrapleural pressure actually decreases when these muscles contract, not increases, due to increased thoracic volume and decreased intrapleural pressure acting as a suction to keep the lungs inflated (choice B). Therefore, the correct answer is B, as the intrapleural pressure actually decreases when the diaphragm and external intercostals contract.
A nurse auscultates a harsh hollow sound over a client's trachea and larynx. What action would the nurse take first?
- A. Document the findings.
- B. Administer oxygen therapy.
- C. Position the client in high-Fowler position.
- D. Administer prescribed albuterol.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct action is to document the findings first because the harsh hollow sound over the trachea and larynx could indicate a potential issue with the airway or respiratory function. Documenting the findings allows for accurate communication with other healthcare providers and helps track changes in the client's condition. Administering oxygen therapy or albuterol should not be done without further assessment or orders from a healthcare provider. Positioning the client in high-Fowler position may not be the priority until a more thorough assessment is completed.