Nokea
The most important fungi that cause diseases of the skin, hair, and nails are called:
- A. Plasmodium
- B. sporozoites
- C. dermatophytes
- D. nematodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C: dermatophytes
Rationale:
1. Dermatophytes are fungi that specifically infect the skin, hair, and nails.
2. They are the most common fungi causing such infections in humans.
3. Plasmodium and sporozoites are parasites causing malaria, not skin diseases.
4. Nematodes are a type of roundworm and do not typically cause skin, hair, or nail infections.
In summary, dermatophytes are the correct answer because they are specialized fungi that commonly cause skin, hair, and nail diseases, distinguishing them from the other choices.
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Bacteria are studied by:
- A. Taxonomy
- B. Classification
- C. Identification
- D. Nomenclature
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Identification. Bacteria are studied by identification to determine their specific characteristics and differentiate between different species. Taxonomy (A) is the science of classification, not specific to bacteria. Classification (B) is the process of grouping organisms based on shared characteristics, not specific to bacteria. Nomenclature (D) is the naming system for organisms, not the primary method for studying bacteria. Therefore, identification (C) is the correct choice for studying bacteria.
The most common causative agent of bacterial meningitis are:
- A. E. Coli K1, Streptococcus group B (S. agalactiae), Listeria monocytogenes
- B. Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis
- C. Staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria meningitidis are the most common causative agents of bacterial meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae is often seen in children, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common in adults, and Neisseria meningitidis is common in adolescents and young adults.
Choice A is incorrect because although Streptococcus group B and Listeria monocytogenes can cause meningitis, E. Coli K1 is not a common causative agent. Choice C is incorrect because Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not typically associated with bacterial meningitis. Choice D is incorrect as there are known causative agents for bacterial meningitis.
Pili are also called:
- A. fimbriae
- B. microvilli
- C. cilia
- D. flagella
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: microvilli. Pili are hair-like structures found on the surface of some bacteria, while microvilli are microscopic cellular projections that increase surface area for absorption in cells like intestinal cells. Pili are involved in bacterial adhesion, while microvilli are important for nutrient absorption. Therefore, the correct answer is B.
Incorrect choices:
A: Fimbriae are short, thin appendages found on the surface of some bacteria, mainly used for adhesion.
C: Cilia are hair-like structures found on the surface of some eukaryotic cells, often involved in movement or sensory functions.
D: Flagella are long, whip-like appendages used for bacterial motility.
For which family the following morphological features are typical: filamentous spiral nucleocapsid, linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA and lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin:
- A. Picornaviridae
- B. Filoviridae
- C. Orthomyxoviridae
- D. Togaviridae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Filamentous spiral nucleocapsid is characteristic of Filoviridae, such as Ebola virus.
2. Linear unsegmented single strand (-) RNA is a key feature of Filoviridae genomes.
3. The lipid bilayer membrane of cellular origin is found in Filoviridae viruses.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Filoviridae) due to the alignment of all three morphological features.
Summary:
- A (Picornaviridae): Has an icosahedral capsid, not filamentous spiral.
- C (Orthomyxoviridae): Has a segmented genome, not linear unsegmented.
- D (Togaviridae): Has a spherical capsid, not filamentous spiral.
What is the primary function of bacterial capsules?
- A. Protein synthesis
- B. Aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis
- C. Facilitate motility
- D. Synthesize DNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of bacterial capsules is to aid in adhesion and protect against phagocytosis. Capsules help bacteria adhere to surfaces and evade immune system detection by preventing phagocytosis. This is important for bacterial survival and colonization in host organisms. Choice A, protein synthesis, is incorrect as capsules do not directly participate in this process. Choice C, facilitate motility, is incorrect as capsules are not involved in bacterial movement. Choice D, synthesize DNA, is incorrect as capsules do not have a role in DNA synthesis. Thus, the correct answer is B.