Nokea
The neonatal infection referred to as “sticky eye†is caused by:
- A. Streptococcus
- B. herpes simplex
- C. Staphylococcus
- D. Escherichia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus is a common bacteria that can cause neonatal conjunctivitis, also known as "sticky eye." Staphylococcal conjunctivitis presents with symptoms like eye redness, discharge, and swelling. Streptococcus (choice A) typically causes throat infections, herpes simplex (choice B) causes genital or oral sores, and Escherichia (choice D) is a bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and is not typically associated with neonatal conjunctivitis. Therefore, the most likely pathogen causing "sticky eye" in newborns is Staphylococcus.
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A patient with skin mycosis has disorder of cellular immunity. The most typical characteristic of it is reduction of the following index:
- A. T-lymphocytes
- B. Immunoglobulin G
- C. Immunoglobulin E
- D. B-lymphocytes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: T-lymphocytes. In skin mycosis, a disorder of cellular immunity indicates a deficiency in T-lymphocytes, which play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity. T-lymphocytes are responsible for recognizing and destroying infected cells. Reduction in T-lymphocytes impairs the body's ability to fight fungal infections.
Incorrect choices:
B: Immunoglobulin G - Immunoglobulin G is involved in humoral immunity, not cellular immunity.
C: Immunoglobulin E - Immunoglobulin E is typically associated with allergic responses, not cellular immunity.
D: B-lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies in humoral immunity, not directly involved in cell-mediated immunity.
A patient with diarrhea had stool microscopy revealing large, oval protozoa with a single nucleus and four flagella. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Giardia lamblia
- B. Entamoeba histolytica
- C. Balantidium coli
- D. Trichomonas vaginalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Large, oval protozoa with a single nucleus and four flagella indicate Giardia lamblia.
Step 2: Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan causing diarrhea.
Step 3: It has a distinct appearance under microscopy.
Step 4: Entamoeba histolytica causes dysentery with no flagella.
Step 5: Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan with a larger size.
Step 6: Trichomonas vaginalis lacks a cyst stage and causes genitourinary infections.
Which bacteria are capable of producing exotoxins?
- A. Clostridium tetani
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Clostridium tetani, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli are all capable of producing exotoxins. Exotoxins are proteins released by bacteria that can cause damage to the host. Clostridium tetani produces tetanospasmin, causing tetanus. Staphylococcus aureus produces toxins like enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Escherichia coli can produce Shiga toxin and heat-labile toxin. Therefore, all three bacteria listed can produce exotoxins, making choice D the correct answer. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not encompass all the bacteria capable of producing exotoxins.
Which bacteria are responsible for causing pneumonia?
- A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because different bacteria can cause pneumonia. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, which can lead to pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Therefore, all three bacteria can be responsible for causing pneumonia in different contexts. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each bacterium individually can cause pneumonia, so selecting only one option would not cover the full spectrum of bacterial causes of pneumonia.
The basic method for routine mumps diagnosis is;
- A. PCR
- B. Isolation on cell cultures
- C. ELISA
- D. Immunofluorescence method
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Isolation on cell cultures. This method is the gold standard for routine mumps diagnosis as it involves isolating the virus in cell cultures to confirm the presence of the mumps virus. PCR (choice A) is used for detecting viral RNA, not for routine diagnosis. ELISA (choice C) detects antibodies, not the virus itself. Immunofluorescence method (choice D) is used for visualizing viral antigens but is not as reliable as isolating the virus in cell cultures for diagnosis.