Nokea
The _____ nervous system division usually stimulates and promotes digestion.
- A. somatic
- B. sympathetic
- C. central
- D. parasympathetic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: parasympathetic. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions, including stimulating digestion. It slows heart rate, increases intestinal activity, and promotes the secretion of digestive enzymes. The somatic nervous system (A) controls voluntary movements, the sympathetic nervous system (B) is responsible for the fight or flight response, and the central nervous system (C) consists of the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center of the body.
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Which of the following statements regarding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans is NOT TRUE?
- A. SNPs occur at a frequency of about once every 300 nucleotides
- B. they are a rare source of genetic polymorphisms
- C. a polymorphism leading to increased IL-6 expression is associated with greater mortality
- D. none of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because SNPs are actually a common source of genetic polymorphisms, occurring frequently in the human genome. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base and are estimated to occur once every 300 nucleotides. Choice A is incorrect because of this high frequency. Choice C is also incorrect as certain SNPs can indeed impact gene expression and health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because B is not true, making the statement false. In summary, B is the correct answer as SNPs are not rare but rather common genetic variations in humans.
An endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa reveals small intestinal type epithelium. This finding is most likely due to:
- A. chronic gastritis
- B. congenital heterotopia
- C. precancerous dysplasia
- D. metastatic carcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital heterotopia. This is because the presence of small intestinal type epithelium in the gastric mucosa indicates ectopic tissue that is not normally found in the stomach. This condition is known as congenital heterotopia, where tissues from one organ are found in another due to developmental abnormalities.
A: Chronic gastritis would not lead to the presence of small intestinal type epithelium in the gastric mucosa.
C: Precancerous dysplasia refers to abnormal cellular changes that can progress to cancer but does not explain the presence of small intestinal type epithelium.
D: Metastatic carcinoma would involve the spread of cancer cells from another primary site, not the presence of ectopic tissue.
In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?
- A. stomach
- B. proximal small intestine
- C. distal small intestine
- D. ascending colon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: proximal small intestine. Most digestion occurs in the proximal small intestine because it is where the majority of enzymes are secreted to break down food. This section also has a large surface area for absorption of nutrients. The stomach primarily breaks down food with acids, while the distal small intestine and ascending colon focus on absorption of nutrients and water, respectively.
Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?
- A. The larynx raises.
- B. The epiglottis moves anteriorly to close the glottis.
- C. The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx.
- D. The vestibular folds move medially.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the uvula and soft palate actually move superiorly, not inferiorly, during swallowing to close off the nasopharynx and prevent food or liquid from entering the nasal cavity. A) The larynx raises to prevent food from entering the trachea. B) The epiglottis moves anteriorly to cover the glottis and prevent aspiration. D) The vestibular folds move laterally to help seal off the airway during swallowing.
A male client with a recent history of rectal bleeding is being prepared for a colonoscopy. How should the nurse position the client for this test initially?
- A. Lying on the right side with legs straight
- B. Lying on the left side with knees bent
- C. Prone with the torso elevated
- D. Bent over with hands touching the floor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lying on the left side with knees bent. This position allows for better visualization and access to the colon during the colonoscopy procedure. By lying on the left side, the client's colon is in a more optimal position for the scope to navigate through the colon. Additionally, bending the knees helps to relax the abdominal muscles and make the procedure more comfortable for the client.
Incorrect choices:
A: Lying on the right side with legs straight - This position does not provide optimal access to the colon and may make the procedure more difficult.
C: Prone with the torso elevated - This position is not suitable for a colonoscopy as it does not allow for proper access to the colon.
D: Bent over with hands touching the floor - This position is not recommended for a colonoscopy as it is not conducive to the procedure and may cause discomfort for the client.