Nokea
The effects of parasympathetic stimulation on the GIT include:
- A. Constriction of the pylorus
- B. Contraction of the internal anal sphincter
- C. Contraction of the external anal sphincter
- D. Contraction of the gall bladder
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parasympathetic stimulation causes the contraction of the gall bladder. This is due to the release of acetylcholine which stimulates the gall bladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum to aid in digestion. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as parasympathetic stimulation does not cause constriction of the pylorus, contraction of the internal anal sphincter, or contraction of the external anal sphincter.
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Which of these enzymes is responsible for digesting proteins?
- A. amylase
- B. lipase
- C. trypsin
- D. sucrase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: trypsin. Trypsin is responsible for digesting proteins as it specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. Amylase (A) digests carbohydrates, lipase (B) breaks down fats, and sucrase (D) digests sucrose, a type of sugar. Trypsin is produced by the pancreas and plays a crucial role in protein digestion in the small intestine. Its specificity for proteins makes it the correct enzyme for this function.
A nurse is instructing a client who has GERD about positions that can help minimize the effects of reflux during sleep. Which of the following statements indicates to the nurse that the client understands the instructions?
- A. I will lie on my left side to sleep at night.'
- B. I will lie on my right side to sleep at night.'
- C. I will sleep on my back with my head flat.'
- D. I will sleep on my stomach with my head flat.'
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: "I will lie on my left side to sleep at night." This position helps prevent acid from flowing back into the esophagus due to the angle of the stomach in relation to the esophagus. Lying on the right side can worsen reflux. Sleeping on the back with the head flat can also worsen symptoms as gravity can allow acid to flow back up. Sleeping on the stomach with the head flat is not recommended as it can put pressure on the stomach, leading to increased reflux.
Which of the following is a major site of nutrient absorption?
- A. duodenum
- B. jejunum
- C. ileum
- D. colon
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: jejunum. The jejunum is a major site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine due to its extensive surface area and presence of villi and microvilli that facilitate absorption of nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The duodenum primarily functions in digestion, the ileum mainly absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts, and the colon absorbs water and electrolytes. Therefore, the jejunum is the correct choice for being a major site of nutrient absorption.
The patient has peritonitis, which is a major complication of appendicitis. What treatment will the nurse plan to include?
- A. Peritoneal lavage
- B. Peritoneal dialysis
- C. IV fluid replacement
- D. Increased oral fluid intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IV fluid replacement. IV fluids are essential in managing peritonitis to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. It helps to support the patient's circulation and prevent shock. Peritoneal lavage (choice A) is not typically used in the treatment of peritonitis. Peritoneal dialysis (choice B) is used for kidney failure, not peritonitis. Increased oral fluid intake (choice D) may not be sufficient in cases of peritonitis where IV fluids are needed for rapid rehydration and support.
The presence of bilirubin in bile is important because:
- A. It gives bile its color
- B. It leads to production of stercobilinogen in the intestine
- C. It facilitates absorption of lipids
- D. It gives faces their color
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: It gives bile its color. Bilirubin is a pigment produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, giving bile its characteristic yellow-green color. This is important for bile to aid in the emulsification and digestion of fats. Choices B and D are incorrect as stercobilinogen is produced from bilirubin in the intestine, contributing to stool color, not bile color. Choice C is incorrect as bile salts, not bilirubin, facilitate the absorption of lipids in the small intestine.