Nokea
The nurse is teaching a patient with diabetes about foot care. Which statement by the patient indicates that further teaching is needed?
- A. "I should wash my feet daily with warm water and mild soap."
- B. "I should inspect my feet daily for blisters, redness, or cuts."
- C. "I can use heating pads to warm my feet if they are cold."
- D. "I should trim my toenails straight across."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C - "I can use heating pads to warm my feet if they are cold."
Rationale:
1. Using heating pads can cause burns or injuries due to reduced sensation in diabetic feet.
2. Patients with diabetes should avoid direct heat on their feet.
3. Optimal foot care for diabetics includes inspecting feet, washing with mild soap, and trimming nails correctly.
Summary:
A: Correct - Washing feet daily is recommended.
B: Correct - Inspecting feet daily is essential for early detection of issues.
C: Incorrect - Using heating pads can be harmful to diabetic feet.
D: Correct - Trimming toenails straight across is an appropriate practice.
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Which of the following statements correctly describes GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)?
- A. GABA is released at the presynaptic terminal to inhibit dopamine release
- B. GABA is released by GABA neurons and blocks propagation of the dopamine-triggered signal in the post synapse
- C. heroin and morphine stimulate GABA release
- D. all of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale: Choice B is correct because GABA is indeed released by GABA neurons and acts to inhibit the propagation of signals triggered by dopamine in the post-synaptic neuron. GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Choices A and C are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate because GABA inhibits the release of dopamine, not the other way around. Choice C is incorrect as heroin and morphine act on opioid receptors, not GABA receptors. Choice D is incorrect because not all statements are true.
An endoscopic biopsy of gastric mucosa reveals small intestinal type epithelium. This finding is most likely due to:
- A. chronic gastritis
- B. congenital heterotopia
- C. precancerous dysplasia
- D. metastatic carcinoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: congenital heterotopia. This is because the presence of small intestinal type epithelium in the gastric mucosa indicates ectopic tissue that is not normally found in the stomach. This condition is known as congenital heterotopia, where tissues from one organ are found in another due to developmental abnormalities.
A: Chronic gastritis would not lead to the presence of small intestinal type epithelium in the gastric mucosa.
C: Precancerous dysplasia refers to abnormal cellular changes that can progress to cancer but does not explain the presence of small intestinal type epithelium.
D: Metastatic carcinoma would involve the spread of cancer cells from another primary site, not the presence of ectopic tissue.
Which of the following statements regarding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in humans is NOT TRUE?
- A. SNPs occur at a frequency of about once every 300 nucleotides
- B. they are a rare source of genetic polymorphisms
- C. a polymorphism leading to increased IL-6 expression is associated with greater mortality
- D. none of the above are true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because SNPs are actually a common source of genetic polymorphisms, occurring frequently in the human genome. SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide base and are estimated to occur once every 300 nucleotides. Choice A is incorrect because of this high frequency. Choice C is also incorrect as certain SNPs can indeed impact gene expression and health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect because B is not true, making the statement false. In summary, B is the correct answer as SNPs are not rare but rather common genetic variations in humans.
A male client with a recent history of rectal bleeding is being prepared for a colonoscopy. How should the nurse position the client for this test initially?
- A. Lying on the right side with legs straight
- B. Lying on the left side with knees bent
- C. Prone with the torso elevated
- D. Bent over with hands touching the floor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lying on the left side with knees bent. This position allows for better visualization and access to the colon during the colonoscopy procedure. By lying on the left side, the client's colon is in a more optimal position for the scope to navigate through the colon. Additionally, bending the knees helps to relax the abdominal muscles and make the procedure more comfortable for the client.
Incorrect choices:
A: Lying on the right side with legs straight - This position does not provide optimal access to the colon and may make the procedure more difficult.
C: Prone with the torso elevated - This position is not suitable for a colonoscopy as it does not allow for proper access to the colon.
D: Bent over with hands touching the floor - This position is not recommended for a colonoscopy as it is not conducive to the procedure and may cause discomfort for the client.
A nurse is providing instructions for a 52-year-old client who is scheduled for a colonoscopy. The client reports that he has not had the procedure before and is very anxious about feeling pain during the procedure. Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate?
- A. Don't worry; most clients dislike the prep more than the procedure itself.'
- B. Before the examination, your provider will give you a sedative that will make you sleepy.'
- C. I know you're anxious, but this procedure is recommended for people your age.'
- D. After you have signed the consent form, we can talk more about this.'
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Providing a sedative before the colonoscopy is appropriate as it helps reduce anxiety and discomfort during the procedure.
Step 2: Sedatives induce relaxation and drowsiness, making the client feel sleepy and less likely to experience pain.
Step 3: Addressing the client's anxiety by mentioning the sedative shows empathy and reassurance.
Step 4: This option focuses on addressing the client's concern about pain during the procedure effectively.
Summary:
- Option A dismisses the client's concerns and does not provide a solution.
- Option C acknowledges the anxiety but does not offer a specific solution.
- Option D delays addressing the client's anxiety without providing immediate reassurance or information.