Nokea
The nervous system is divided into the ___________.
- A. brain and spinal cord
- B. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
- C. PNS & CNS
- D. autonomic and somatic nervous systems
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The nervous system is broadly divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which includes all neural tissue outside the CNS. This division is fundamental to understanding the organization and function of the nervous system.
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The Bell's phenomenon:
- A. occurs during normal blinking
- B. if absent suggests brain stem disease
- C. is absent in Bell's palsy
- D. is reduced or absent in patients with thyroid orbitopathy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Bell's phenomenon, an upward and outward eye movement during eyelid closure, is reduced or absent in thyroid orbitopathy due to restricted eye movements. It is not typically absent in Bell's palsy or brain stem disease.
What is the most common diagnostic test used to assess musculoskeletal disorders?
- A. Myelogram
- B. Arthroscopy
- C. Standard x-ray
- D. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Standard x-rays are widely used for initial assessments.
A technique that has proven to be helpful in training individuals with amnesia, where people are prevented - as far as possible - from making any errors while learning a new skill or new information is known as:
- A. Mnemonic training.
- B. Errorless learning.
- C. Aquistion learning.
- D. Prevention training.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Errorless learning is a training technique used to help individuals with amnesia acquire new skills or information without making mistakes. By minimizing errors during the learning process, this method enhances memory retention and reduces the likelihood of incorrect information being stored. Errorless learning is particularly effective for individuals with memory impairments, as it leverages their residual learning abilities and promotes successful skill acquisition.
Brown-Sequard syndrome develops with the following damage of the spinal cord:
- A. complete transversal
- B. anterior horns
- C. half transversal
- D. posterior horns
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Half transversal is the correct answer because Brown-Sequard syndrome results from damage to one side of the spinal cord. This leads to ipsilateral motor paralysis and loss of proprioception, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation due to the crossing of spinothalamic tract fibers.
A patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome asks whether he is going to die as the paralysis spreads toward his chest. In responding to the patient, what should the nurse know to be able to answer this question?
- A. Patients who require ventilatory support almost always die.
- B. Death occurs when nerve damage affects the brain and meninges.
- C. Most patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome make a complete recovery.
- D. If death can be prevented, residual paralysis and sensory impairment are usually permanent.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Most patients recover fully, though some may have long-term deficits.