Nokea
The nurse correlates which factor to an increased risk of endometrial cancer in women with early menarche or late menopause?
- A. Total number of ovulatory cycles
- B. Less hormone stimulation
- C. Need for estrogen replacement in these patients
- D. Extended duration of the menstrual cycle in these patients
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Total number of ovulatory cycles. Early menarche and late menopause lead to a longer reproductive period, resulting in more ovulatory cycles. Increased exposure to estrogen due to more ovulatory cycles is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Choice B is incorrect as more hormone stimulation, not less, contributes to the risk. Choice C is irrelevant as estrogen replacement therapy is not mentioned in the question. Choice D is incorrect as the duration of the menstrual cycle is not directly linked to the increased risk of endometrial cancer in these women.
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If a cell has 92 chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis, determine the number of chromatids at
- A. 23 chromatids
- B. 92 chromatids
- C. 46 chromatids
- D. 184 chromatids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 46 chromatids. At the beginning of mitosis, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids. Since the cell has 92 chromosomes, the total number of chromatids will be 92 chromosomes x 2 chromatids per chromosome = 184 chromatids. However, this number represents the total number of chromatids, not the number at the beginning of mitosis. At the beginning of mitosis, the sister chromatids are still attached, so we need to divide the total number of chromatids by 2 to get the number at the beginning of mitosis, which is 184 chromatids / 2 = 92 chromatids. Therefore, the correct answer is 46 chromatids, as each chromosome consists of two chromatids at the beginning of mitosis. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not consider the concept of sister chromatids in chromosomes during mitosis.
The female reproductive system includes the following structures:
- A. ovary;
- B. Fallopian tubes;
- C. vagina;
- D. vulva;
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ovary. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, which are responsible for producing eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The Fallopian tubes are passageways for eggs to travel from the ovaries to the uterus, not a part of the system itself. The vagina is the birth canal and where sperm enters during intercourse, but it is not a reproductive organ. The vulva includes external genitalia like the labia and clitoris, but it is not a reproductive structure. Therefore, the ovary is the only structure directly involved in the reproductive process.
Testosterone is converted to _____ in the prostate.
- A. cholesterol
- B. estrogen
- C. progesterone
- D. dihydrotestosterone
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate by the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. DHT is a more potent androgen that plays a crucial role in prostate growth and development. Choice A (cholesterol) is incorrect as it is not a product of testosterone conversion in the prostate. Choice B (estrogen) is incorrect as testosterone is not directly converted to estrogen in the prostate. Choice C (progesterone) is incorrect as progesterone is not the main product of testosterone conversion in the prostate.
Foetal portion of placenta includes
- A. Decidua parietalis
- B. Chorion frondosum
- C. Decidua basalis
- D. Anchoring villi
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chorion frondosum. The foetal portion of the placenta is formed by the chorion frondosum, which consists of the chorionic villi that develop from the trophoblast. These villi are involved in the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the foetus.
A: Decidua parietalis is the maternal portion of the placenta, not the foetal portion.
C: Decidua basalis is also part of the maternal portion, not the foetal portion.
D: Anchoring villi are structures that help anchor the placenta to the uterine wall, but they are not specific to the foetal portion.
In summary, the correct answer is B because the chorion frondosum is specifically responsible for the foetal part of the placenta, while the other choices refer to maternal components or structures not directly related to the foetal portion.
Infants of mothers who had adequate nutrition during pregnancy do not require iron supplements or a diet rich in iron until about 3 months of age. Why is this?
- A. Growth of the infant does not require iron until after the 3rd month
- B. The fetal liver stores enough iron to meet the infant’s needs until the third month
- C. Synthesis of new red blood cells begins after 3 months
- D. Muscle cells that develop before the 3rd month do not contain myoglobin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: The fetal liver stores enough iron to meet the infant’s needs until the third month. During pregnancy, the fetus accumulates iron stores in the liver from the mother, which can sustain the infant's iron needs for the first few months of life. This stored iron is gradually utilized by the infant as the maternal iron supply diminishes post-birth.
Explanation of why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Growth of the infant does require iron even in the early months for various metabolic processes and functions.
C: Synthesis of new red blood cells starts shortly after birth, not necessarily after 3 months.
D: Myoglobin is not directly related to iron supplementation needs in infants and is unrelated to the timing of iron supplementation requirements.