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The nurse is assessing a patient experiencing anxiety and observes increased sweating and gooseflesh. The nurse understands that these are the result of which substance?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Serotonin
- D. Histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Norepinephrine, part of the sympathetic nervous system, triggers physiological responses like sweating and gooseflesh during anxiety (fight-or-flight response). Acetylcholine is parasympathetic, serotonin regulates mood, and histamine is involved in allergic responses.
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A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.
The nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced damage to the frontal lobe after an automobile accident. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Smell
- B. Concept formation
- C. Receptive speech
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including concept formation, planning, and decision-making. Damage may impair these abilities. Smell is associated with the olfactory bulb, receptive speech with Wernicke?s area (temporal lobe), and hearing with the auditory cortex (temporal lobe).
A group of nursing students are reviewing the role of serotonin in psychiatric disorders. The students demonstrate a need for additional study when they identify which disorder as being associated with its dysfunction?
- A. Depression
- B. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- C. Panic disorder
- D. Schizophrenia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Serotonin dysregulation is strongly associated with depression, OCD, and panic disorder. Schizophrenia is primarily linked to dopamine dysregulation, so identifying it as serotonin-related indicates a misunderstanding.
A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has experienced damage to the parietal lobes of the brain. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Perceiving sensory input
- B. Calculating a math problem
- C. Seeing objects in front of him
- D. Speaking fluently
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The parietal lobes process sensory information, such as touch and spatial awareness. Damage can impair sensory perception. Calculating math problems involves the frontal and parietal lobes but is less specific, seeing objects relates to the occipital lobe, and fluent speech involves Broca?s area.