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A nurse is involved in gathering information about the inheritance of mental disorders using population genetics. Which of the following would the nurse be least likely to be evaluating?
- A. Concordance rates
- B. Occurrence in first-degree relatives
- C. Risk factor analysis
- D. Adoptions studies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Population genetics studies inheritance patterns using concordance rates, first-degree relative occurrences, and adoption studies to isolate genetic vs. environmental factors. Risk factor analysis, while relevant to epidemiology, is less specific to genetic inheritance studies.
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A patient with depression tells the nurse that he is to have a test that involves the recording of an electroencephalogram (EEG) throughout the night. The nurse most likely identifies this testing as which of the following?
- A. Sleep deprivation EEG
- B. Polysomnography
- C. Evoked potentials
- D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Polysomnography involves overnight EEG recording to assess sleep patterns, often used in depression to evaluate sleep disturbances. Sleep deprivation EEG requires staying awake, evoked potentials test sensory responses, and fMRI measures brain activity, not sleep.
A nursing instructor asks a student to explain the influence of chronobiology on depression. Which of the following would the student include when responding?
- A. The exact location of genes leads to identifying the gene responsible for causing depression.
- B. A break in the corpus callosum blocks information exchange between the right and left hemispheres.
- C. Damage to the posterior areas of the parietal lobe leads to altered discriminative sensory function.
- D. Internal and external triggers can elicit biologic rhythm changes indicative of clinical depression.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chronobiology studies biological rhythms, such as circadian rhythms, which influence mood disorders like depression. Internal (e.g., hormonal changes) and external (e.g., light exposure) triggers can disrupt these rhythms, contributing to depressive symptoms. The other options relate to genetics, brain connectivity, or sensory function, not chronobiology.
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia. The nurse integrates knowledge of this disorder, identifying which neurotransmitter as being primarily involved?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Dopamine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Schizophrenia is primarily associated with dopamine dysregulation, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway, contributing to symptoms like hallucinations. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and serotonin play roles in other disorders but are not primary in schizophrenia.
The nurse is caring for a hospitalized patient who has a disorder of the hypothalamus. When developing the patient?s plan of care, in which of the following areas would the nurse anticipate a problem?
- A. Sleep
- B. Constipation
- C. Speech
- D. Motor activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus regulates functions like sleep, hunger, and body temperature. A disorder may disrupt sleep patterns. Constipation is less directly related, speech involves cortical areas like Broca?s, and motor activity is primarily controlled by the basal ganglia and motor cortex.
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.