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Which of the following would a nursing instructor identify when describing the area of the brain involved with verbal language function, including areas for both receptive and expressive speech?
- A. Right hemisphere
- B. Parietal lobe
- C. Occipital lobe
- D. Left hemisphere
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for verbal language functions, including Broca?s area (expressive speech) and Wernicke?s area (receptive speech). The right hemisphere handles nonverbal functions, the parietal lobe processes sensory information, and the occipital lobe is involved in vision.
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A nurse is teaching a medication class to a group of psychiatric patients. One of them asks the nurse why he has so much more trouble learning now when he?s in his 60s than he did when he was younger. Which of the following concepts would the nurse integrate into the response?
- A. The extrapyramidal motor system
- B. The amygdala
- C. Neuroplasticity
- D. Psychoneuroimmunology
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neuroplasticity refers to the brain?s ability to adapt and form new neural connections, which declines with age, impacting learning and memory. The nurse would explain that reduced neuroplasticity in older age makes learning more challenging. The extrapyramidal motor system affects movement, the amygdala regulates emotions, and psychoneuroimmunology involves immune-brain interactions, none of which directly address learning difficulties.
A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.
The nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced damage to the frontal lobe after an automobile accident. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Smell
- B. Concept formation
- C. Receptive speech
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including concept formation, planning, and decision-making. Damage may impair these abilities. Smell is associated with the olfactory bulb, receptive speech with Wernicke?s area (temporal lobe), and hearing with the auditory cortex (temporal lobe).
The nurse is assessing a patient experiencing anxiety and observes increased sweating and gooseflesh. The nurse understands that these are the result of which substance?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Serotonin
- D. Histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Norepinephrine, part of the sympathetic nervous system, triggers physiological responses like sweating and gooseflesh during anxiety (fight-or-flight response). Acetylcholine is parasympathetic, serotonin regulates mood, and histamine is involved in allergic responses.