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A patient is scheduled for a challenge test. Which of the following would the nurse include when explaining this test to the patient?
- A. Intravenous administration of a substance to induce symptoms
- B. Application of electrodes to the scalp for monitoring
- C. Evaluation electrical impulses recorded on graph paper
- D. Exposure to a flashing strobe light to elicit abnormal activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A challenge test involves administering a substance (e.g., a drug) to provoke symptoms for diagnostic purposes. Electrodes and electrical impulses relate to EEGs, and strobe lights are used in evoked potential tests, not challenge tests.
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A nurse is involved in gathering information about the inheritance of mental disorders using population genetics. Which of the following would the nurse be least likely to be evaluating?
- A. Concordance rates
- B. Occurrence in first-degree relatives
- C. Risk factor analysis
- D. Adoptions studies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Population genetics studies inheritance patterns using concordance rates, first-degree relative occurrences, and adoption studies to isolate genetic vs. environmental factors. Risk factor analysis, while relevant to epidemiology, is less specific to genetic inheritance studies.
When describing the various neurotransmitters, which of the following would the nurse identify as the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter?
- A. Dopamine
- B. Acetylcholine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter, acting in the parasympathetic nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are monoamine neurotransmitters, not cholinergic.
When describing neuronal transmission, an instructor describes the area where the electrical intracellular signal becomes a chemical one. The instructor is describing which of the following?
- A. Soma
- B. Synaptic cleft
- C. Terminal
- D. Receptor site
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The synaptic cleft is where the electrical signal (action potential) triggers the release of neurotransmitters, converting the signal to a chemical one. The soma is the cell body, the terminal releases neurotransmitters, and the receptor site binds them.
A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
A patient with depression tells the nurse that he is to have a test that involves the recording of an electroencephalogram (EEG) throughout the night. The nurse most likely identifies this testing as which of the following?
- A. Sleep deprivation EEG
- B. Polysomnography
- C. Evoked potentials
- D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Polysomnography involves overnight EEG recording to assess sleep patterns, often used in depression to evaluate sleep disturbances. Sleep deprivation EEG requires staying awake, evoked potentials test sensory responses, and fMRI measures brain activity, not sleep.