Nokea
A nurse is reading a journal article about psychoneuroimmunology. Which information would the nurse most likely find? Select all that apply.
- A. Neurotoxin?s role in receptor site damage
- B. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption
- C. Static activity of natural killer cells in response to stress
- D. Hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction
- E. Interruption in the typical circadian rhythm cycle
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: Psychoneuroimmunology studies interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption (B), hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction (D), and circadian rhythm interruptions (E) are relevant, as they link stress and brain function to immune responses. Neurotoxins (A) are less central, and natural killer cells are not static (C) but increase with stress.
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The nurse is caring for an older adult who has experienced damage to the frontal lobe after an automobile accident. The nurse anticipates that the patient will have difficulty with which of the following?
- A. Smell
- B. Concept formation
- C. Receptive speech
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including concept formation, planning, and decision-making. Damage may impair these abilities. Smell is associated with the olfactory bulb, receptive speech with Wernicke?s area (temporal lobe), and hearing with the auditory cortex (temporal lobe).
The nurse is assessing a patient experiencing anxiety and observes increased sweating and gooseflesh. The nurse understands that these are the result of which substance?
- A. Acetylcholine
- B. Norepinephrine
- C. Serotonin
- D. Histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Norepinephrine, part of the sympathetic nervous system, triggers physiological responses like sweating and gooseflesh during anxiety (fight-or-flight response). Acetylcholine is parasympathetic, serotonin regulates mood, and histamine is involved in allergic responses.
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.
A nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient experiencing expressive aphasia. The nurse incorporates knowledge that the patient most likely has sustained damage to which of the following?
- A. The postcentral gyrus
- B. Broca?s area
- C. Basal ganglia
- D. The hippocampus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Expressive aphasia, difficulty producing speech, is associated with damage to Broca?s area in the frontal lobe. The postcentral gyrus processes sensory input, the basal ganglia regulate movement, and the hippocampus is involved in memory, none of which directly cause expressive aphasia.
A patient with depression tells the nurse that he is to have a test that involves the recording of an electroencephalogram (EEG) throughout the night. The nurse most likely identifies this testing as which of the following?
- A. Sleep deprivation EEG
- B. Polysomnography
- C. Evoked potentials
- D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Polysomnography involves overnight EEG recording to assess sleep patterns, often used in depression to evaluate sleep disturbances. Sleep deprivation EEG requires staying awake, evoked potentials test sensory responses, and fMRI measures brain activity, not sleep.