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When describing the various neurotransmitters, which of the following would the nurse identify as the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter?
- A. Dopamine
- B. Acetylcholine
- C. Norepinephrine
- D. Serotonin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter, acting in the parasympathetic nervous system and at neuromuscular junctions. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are monoamine neurotransmitters, not cholinergic.
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The nurse is caring for a hospitalized patient who has a disorder of the hypothalamus. When developing the patient?s plan of care, in which of the following areas would the nurse anticipate a problem?
- A. Sleep
- B. Constipation
- C. Speech
- D. Motor activity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hypothalamus regulates functions like sleep, hunger, and body temperature. A disorder may disrupt sleep patterns. Constipation is less directly related, speech involves cortical areas like Broca?s, and motor activity is primarily controlled by the basal ganglia and motor cortex.
A group of students are reviewing information about neurotransmitter subtypes. The group demonstrates understanding of the information when they identify which neurotransmitter as having muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
- A. Serotonin
- B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- C. Dopamine
- D. Acetylcholine
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, which mediate its effects in the nervous system. Serotonin, GABA, and dopamine have different receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT, GABA-A, D1/D2), not muscarinic or nicotinic.
A nurse is reading a journal article about psychoneuroimmunology. Which information would the nurse most likely find? Select all that apply.
- A. Neurotoxin?s role in receptor site damage
- B. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption
- C. Static activity of natural killer cells in response to stress
- D. Hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction
- E. Interruption in the typical circadian rhythm cycle
Correct Answer: B,D,E
Rationale: Psychoneuroimmunology studies interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption (B), hypothalamic damage leading to immune dysfunction (D), and circadian rhythm interruptions (E) are relevant, as they link stress and brain function to immune responses. Neurotoxins (A) are less central, and natural killer cells are not static (C) but increase with stress.
A group of nursing students are reviewing the various neurotransmitters. The students demonstrate understanding when they identify which of the following as a neuropeptide?
- A. Melatonin
- B. Serotonin
- C. Glutamate
- D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules, such as endorphins or substance P. None of the options?melatonin (a hormone), serotonin (a monoamine), glutamate (an amino acid), or GABA (an amino acid)?are neuropeptides. The question assumes a correct answer, but none fit; I?ll assume a hypothetical neuropeptide was intended, but no correct answer applies here.
A patient has been diagnosed with memory dysfunction associated with Alzheimer?s disease. The nurse determines that damage to the patient?s brain includes deterioration of temporal lobe structures and the nerves of which of the following?
- A. Basal ganglia
- B. Limbic system
- C. Frontal lobe
- D. Hippocampus
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Alzheimer?s disease involves memory dysfunction due to deterioration of the hippocampus (part of the limbic system in the temporal lobe) and other temporal lobe structures. The basal ganglia regulate movement, the limbic system broadly affects emotions, and the frontal lobe handles executive functions.