Nokea
A patient presents with multiple, dome-shaped, translucent papules with central umbilication on the face and trunk. The lesions are asymptomatic and have been gradually increasing in number. Which of the following conditions is most likely responsible for this presentation?
- A. Basal cell carcinoma
- B. Molluscum contagiosum
- C. Sebaceous hyperplasia
- D. Keratoacanthoma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection caused by the poxvirus. It typically presents as multiple dome-shaped, translucent papules with central umbilication on the face and trunk. The lesions are usually asymptomatic but can be itchy. Molluscum contagiosum is a common infection in children but can also occur in adults, especially those who are immunocompromised. The lesions can gradually increase in number over time. Basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous hyperplasia, and keratoacanthoma do not typically present with the characteristic features of molluscum contagiosum.
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Nurse Adalynn discusses the possibilities of future postpartum hemorrhage with the patients. Which of the following increases the absorption of vitamin K?
- A. Proteins
- B. Carbohydrates
- C. Minerals
- D. Fats
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fats are essential for the absorption of vitamin K in the body. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning it is better absorbed in the presence of dietary fats. In the case of postpartum hemorrhage, adequate levels of vitamin K are crucial for proper blood clotting. Thus, incorporating fats in the diet can help ensure sufficient absorption of vitamin K, which can be beneficial in preventing complications related to hemorrhage.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response?
- A. NK cells directly kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
- B. NK cells produce antibodies against pathogens.
- C. NK cells present antigens to T cells to initiate adaptive immunity.
- D. NK cells release cytokines to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Natural killer (NK) cells play a vital role in the innate immune response by identifying and eliminating virus-infected cells, as well as tumor cells, without the need for prior exposure or activation. NK cells are able to detect abnormal cells by recognizing changes in the cell surface molecules, such as downregulation of MHC class I molecules. Once activated, NK cells release cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzyme, leading to the destruction of the target cell. This direct killing mechanism is crucial for controlling viral infections and preventing the development of tumors. NK cells do not produce antibodies (option B), present antigens to T cells (option C), or release cytokines to recruit other immune cells (option D) as their primary function in the immune response.
A nurse is preparing to perform a bladder catheterization for a patient with urinary retention. What action should the nurse prioritize to minimize the risk of infection?
- A. Using sterile gloves and a surgical mask during catheterization
- B. Cleansing the perineal area with povidone-iodine solution before catheter insertion
- C. Administering prophylactic antibiotics before the catheterization procedure
- D. Using aseptic technique and sterile equipment during catheter insertion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Using aseptic technique and sterile equipment during catheter insertion is crucial for minimizing the risk of infection during bladder catheterization. Aseptic technique involves maintaining a sterile field, washing hands thoroughly, using sterile gloves, and ensuring that all equipment used is sterile. By following these practices, the nurse can prevent introducing bacteria into the urinary tract, reducing the likelihood of infection in the patient. While cleansing the perineal area with antiseptic solutions is important for general hygiene, the priority for infection prevention during catheterization lies in maintaining a sterile environment during the procedure. Administering prophylactic antibiotics is not routinely recommended for catheterization unless there are specific risk factors present.
Nurse Bea reviewed the elements of nursing as a profession. Which of the following is an IMPORTANT element that characterizes Nursing as a profession ?
- A. Has members
- B. Possess body of knowledge
- C. Service oriented
- D. A calling
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Possessing a body of knowledge is an important element that characterizes nursing as a profession. Nursing is a field that requires specialized education, training, and expertise in various areas of healthcare. Nurses are expected to have a comprehensive understanding of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and various nursing theories and practices to effectively care for patients. This body of knowledge distinguishes nursing as a profession and supports the delivery of high-quality, evidence-based patient care. While the other options (having members, being service-oriented, and a calling) are also important aspects of nursing, possessing a body of knowledge is fundamental to the profession's identity and practice.
A patient presents with fatigue, weakness, and jaundice. Laboratory tests reveal elevated indirect bilirubin levels, reticulocytosis, and positive Coombs test. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?
- A. Hereditary spherocytosis
- B. Thalassemia
- C. Sickle cell disease
- D. G6PD deficiency
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The patient's presentation of fatigue, weakness, jaundice, elevated indirect bilirubin levels, reticulocytosis, and positive Coombs test is consistent with hemolytic anemia. Among the options provided, hereditary spherocytosis is the most likely condition to cause these findings.