Core Concepts of Family Centered Care

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The nurse is caring for a patient with HIV. For which common opportunistic infection should the nurse observe when caring for this patient?

  • A. Toxoplasmosis
  • B. Cryptococcosis
  • C. Candida albicans
  • D. Cryptosporidiosis
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Candida albicans. Patients with HIV are at risk for opportunistic infections due to their weakened immune system. Candida albicans is a common fungal infection seen in HIV patients due to their compromised immunity. It can manifest as oral thrush, esophageal candidiasis, or vaginal yeast infections. Observing for signs of Candida albicans is essential for early detection and treatment.

Incorrect choices:
A: Toxoplasmosis - While Toxoplasmosis is another opportunistic infection seen in HIV patients, it is more commonly associated with neurological manifestations such as encephalitis.
B: Cryptococcosis - Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, commonly affecting the lungs and central nervous system in HIV patients.
D: Cryptosporidiosis - Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and is commonly seen in HIV patients with severe

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A client suspected of being schizophrenic is scheduled for a computed tomography (CT). The nurse informs the client that the diagnostic test will:

  • A. Confirm the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
  • B. Trace the flow of blood through his brain.
  • C. Allow the doctors to view the structures of his brain.
  • D. Help determine the areas of his brain that are overreacting.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because CT scans allow doctors to view the structures of the brain, which can help identify any abnormalities or conditions present. This is essential in diagnosing and understanding conditions like schizophrenia. Choice A is incorrect because CT scans do not confirm psychiatric diagnoses; they provide anatomical information. Choice B is incorrect as CT scans do not trace blood flow, that's done through techniques like fMRI or PET scans. Choice D is incorrect because CT scans do not determine brain areas that are overreacting, that's usually assessed through functional imaging techniques.

A patient with AIDS is prescribed the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor lamivudine (Epivir). What information should the nurse ensure that the patient receives about this medication? (Select all that apply.)

  • A. Report any onset of bleeding.
  • B. Report any yellowing of the skin.
  • C. Report any change in urine output.
  • D. Report any symptoms similar to having the flu.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Lamivudine (Epivir) can cause hepatotoxicity, leading to yellowing of the skin (jaundice).
Step 2: Yellowing of the skin is a serious side effect that should be reported immediately to prevent further liver damage.
Step 3: Reporting yellowing of the skin promptly allows for timely evaluation and necessary interventions.
Summary: Reporting bleeding, change in urine output, or flu-like symptoms are not specific to lamivudine and are not directly related to its side effects. Yellowing of the skin is a critical side effect that requires immediate attention.

Sensory processing disorder (SPD) was likened by its founder (A. Jean Ayres) to a 'neurological traffic jam':

  • A. Multiple
  • B. Sensory
  • C. Adaptive
  • D. Communication
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: SPD, per Ayres, is a sensory issue, akin to a neurological traffic jam.

Before submitting your dissertation, you should ensure that:

  • A. Your writing is free of sexist, racist and disablist language
  • B. Other people have read your final draft
  • C. You have proofread it thoroughly
  • D. All of the them
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All steps—ethical language, peer review, and proofreading—ensure a quality dissertation.

The nurse is concerned that a depressed client may be displaying a nonverbal suicidal threat when he presents another client with his favorite shirt as a 'gift.' The nurse's initial intervention is to:

  • A. Place the client on suicide precautions including 15-minute checks.
  • B. Ask the client if he is experiencing suicidal ideations with a plan to hurt himself.
  • C. Support the client by telling him that he will need the shirt when he's discharged.
  • D. Document that the client has shown behaviors that are likely subtle suicide threats.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because asking the client directly about suicidal ideations with a plan to hurt himself is the most immediate and appropriate intervention to assess the client's safety. This approach allows the nurse to directly address the potential risk of suicide and initiate appropriate interventions if necessary. Placing the client on suicide precautions (choice A) without assessing the client's thoughts may be premature and intrusive. Supporting the client about the shirt (choice C) does not address the underlying concern of suicidal behavior. Simply documenting the behavior (choice D) without taking immediate action to assess and address the risk is insufficient in ensuring the client's safety.

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