Nokea
About the external male genital organ, we can state the following:
- A. it is part of the urinary ducts, being a urination organ;
- B. it is represented by the urethra;
- C. it is a pair organ;
- D. it is located above the scrotum, anterior to the pubian symphisis;
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer B is correct:
1. The external male genital organ is represented by the urethra, which is the duct that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
2. The urethra is responsible for both urination and ejaculation.
3. The other choices are incorrect because the external male genital organ is not part of the urinary ducts, not a pair organ, and not located above the scrotum.
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When do progesterone levels rise to their highest point during the female hormonal cycle?
- A. Between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation
- B. Immediately before ovulation
- C. When the blood concentration of luteinizing hormone is at its highest point
- D. When 12 primary follicles are developing to the antral stage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Progesterone levels rise to their highest point between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation because this is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when the corpus luteum (formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation) secretes progesterone. This hormone prepares the endometrium for implantation and maintains a potential pregnancy.
Explanation for other choices:
- B: Immediately before ovulation, estrogen levels are high, not progesterone.
- C: Luteinizing hormone surge triggers ovulation, not directly related to progesterone rise.
- D: The development of primary follicles is associated with estrogen, not progesterone.
Which blood vessel in the fetus has the highest Po2?
- A. Ductus arteriosus
- B. Ductus venosus
- C. Ascending aorta
- D. Left atrium
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ductus venosus. The ductus venosus carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. This blood has the highest Po2 among the choices because it is coming directly from the placenta, where oxygen exchange occurs. The other choices (A, C, D) carry deoxygenated blood or blood with lower oxygen content in the fetal circulation. The ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, so it carries deoxygenated blood. The ascending aorta and left atrium receive mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, not the highest Po2.
While giving a history, a patient reports having a weak urinary stream and feeling that his bladder is not empty after urination. Based on these data, what finding does the nurse anticipate upon examination?
- A. An enlarged prostate gland palpated on the anterior wall of the rectum
- B. An indirect hernia palpated through the inguinal ring when the patient coughs
- C. The foreskin of the penis cannot be returned to position after retraction behind the glans
- D. A nodular prostate gland palpated on the posterior wall of the rectum
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: An enlarged prostate gland palpated on the anterior wall of the rectum. In this case, the patient's weak urinary stream and feeling of incomplete bladder emptying are classic symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). During a rectal examination, an enlarged prostate gland can be felt as a smooth, rubbery, and symmetrically enlarged mass on the anterior wall of the rectum. This finding correlates with the patient's urinary symptoms, indicating obstruction of the urethra by the enlarged prostate.
Choice B is incorrect because an indirect hernia is not typically associated with urinary symptoms. Choice C is incorrect as it describes paraphimosis, a condition where the foreskin cannot be returned to its original position. Choice D is incorrect as a nodular prostate gland palpated on the posterior wall of the rectum is more characteristic of prostate cancer rather than BPH, which is typically felt on the anterior wall.
Identify the CORRECT strategy to achieve external fertilization.
- A. Female organism will modify its body parts to receive male gametes.
- B. Fertilization must occur at night to avoid predators.
- C. Eggs and sperm must be shed simultaneously into water.
- D. The release of eggs is more frequent than the release of sperm.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct strategy for external fertilization is to have eggs and sperm shed simultaneously into water. This allows the gametes to meet and fertilize outside of the organism's body. This method is effective in aquatic environments where the chances of gametes coming into contact are increased. Choice A is incorrect as it describes internal fertilization. Choice B is irrelevant to the process of external fertilization. Choice D is incorrect as the frequency of egg and sperm release does not determine the success of external fertilization.
Which of the following statements about peptide or protein hormones is usually true?
- A. They have longer half-lives than steroid hormones
- B. They have receptors on the cell membrane
- C. They have a slower onset of action than both steroid and thyroid hormones
- D. They are not stored in endocrine-producing glands
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Peptide or protein hormones have receptors on the cell membrane. These hormones are typically large molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, so they bind to receptors on the cell surface to initiate signal transduction pathways. This allows them to quickly and effectively communicate with target cells.
A: They do not have longer half-lives than steroid hormones. Peptide hormones are usually rapidly degraded compared to steroid hormones.
C: They do not have a slower onset of action than steroid and thyroid hormones. Peptide hormones can have rapid onset of action due to their signaling pathways.
D: They can be stored in endocrine-producing glands, such as insulin being stored in pancreatic beta cells.