Nokea
This is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes and the pelvic organs secondary to infections with gonococcus or chlamydia
- A. Ovarian cyst
- B. Endometriosi
- C. PID
- D. Cervicitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the fallopian tubes and pelvic organs.
Step 2: PID is commonly caused by gonococcus or chlamydia infections.
Step 3: Ovarian cyst (A) is a fluid-filled sac on the ovary, not related to infections.
Step 4: Endometriosis (B) is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, not typically associated with infections.
Step 5: Cervicitis (D) is an inflammation of the cervix, not involving the fallopian tubes and pelvic organs.
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Which of the following is not a source of estrogen?
- A. adrenal gland
- B. ovary
- C. pituitary
- D. follicle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pituitary. Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries, with a small amount also coming from the adrenal glands. The pituitary gland is not a direct source of estrogen production but plays a role in regulating the release of hormones that stimulate estrogen production in the ovaries. The follicle, on the other hand, is a structure within the ovary where estrogen is produced during the menstrual cycle. Therefore, C is the correct answer as the pituitary gland does not directly produce estrogen.
The external genitalia of the female are collectively called the
- A. labia
- B. vulva
- C. clitoris
- D. mons pubis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vulva. The vulva includes all external female genital structures, such as the labia, clitoris, and mons pubis. The term "vulva" is the most inclusive and accurate choice, encompassing all components of the external female genitalia. The other options, A, C, and D, refer to specific parts of the vulva, making them incorrect in this context. The labia are the outer and inner folds surrounding the vaginal opening, the clitoris is a highly sensitive organ involved in sexual pleasure, and the mons pubis is the fatty tissue overlying the pubic bone.
Regarding histology of mammary gland
- A. Lactiferous duct is mainly lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
- B. Nipple is lubricated by sebaceous gland
- C. Terminal ductules are seen in lactating mammary gland
- D. Interlobular stroma increase in pregnancy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: B - Nipple is lubricated by sebaceous gland
Rationale:
1. Sebaceous glands produce sebum, which lubricates the skin.
2. The nipple is a part of the skin, and sebaceous glands present in the areola secrete sebum to lubricate the nipple.
3. This lubrication helps protect the nipple during breastfeeding.
Summary of other choices:
A: Lactiferous duct is mainly lined by simple cuboidal epithelium - Incorrect. The lactiferous duct is lined by stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelium.
C: Terminal ductules are seen in lactating mammary gland - Incorrect. Terminal ductules are present in non-lactating mammary glands.
D: Interlobular stroma increase in pregnancy - Incorrect. Interlobular stroma does not significantly increase in pregnancy; rather, the alveoli and ducts enlarge during this period.
Vaginal candidacies are suspected in a young woman who complains of severe vaginal itching. Which of the following nursing actions should be performed first when assisting in the collection of a vaginal smear for microscopic examination?
- A. Inspect the external genitalia
- B. Don gloves
- C. Wash hands
- D. Label the specimen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Donning gloves is the first step to ensure hygiene and prevent contamination during specimen collection.
Which of the following statements relating to lactation is incorrect.
- A. plasma prolactin releasing factor stimulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.
- B. mechanical stimulation and neural inputs stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing factor and oxytocin.
- C. plasma oxytocin stimulates the contraction of breast glands causing milk ejection.
- D. progesterone helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because mechanical stimulation and neural inputs do not directly stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing factor and oxytocin. The release of prolactin is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus through the release of prolactin inhibitory hormone (dopamine) and prolactin releasing hormone. Oxytocin release is controlled by the hypothalamus in response to suckling. Choices A, C, and D are all correct statements about lactation. Plasma prolactin releasing factor (prolactin releasing hormone) does stimulate the release of prolactin, plasma oxytocin does stimulate milk ejection, and progesterone does prepare the mammary glands for lactation.