Nokea
The nurse is caring for the newborn of a mother who is HIV positive. What treatment should the nurse expect to be prescribed for the infant?
- A. Bacitracin
- B. Erythromycin
- C. Protease inhibitor
- D. Zidovudine (AZT)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Zidovudine (AZT). This antiretroviral medication is commonly used to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child during pregnancy and delivery. AZT reduces the risk of vertical transmission by inhibiting viral replication in the newborn. Bacitracin (A) and Erythromycin (B) are antibiotics that do not treat HIV. Protease inhibitors (C) are not typically used in newborns due to safety concerns and efficacy in preventing transmission.
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The nurse is reinforcing teaching on transmission of HIV for a family of a patient diagnosed with HIV. Which explanation by the nurse would be correct?
- A. HIV can be spread by casual contact.'
- B. HIV lives for long periods outside the body.'
- C. HIV is most commonly transmitted via tears and saliva.'
- D. HIV enters the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because HIV enters the body through breaks in the skin or mucous membranes, such as during unprotected sexual contact or sharing needles. This is crucial information for preventing transmission. Choice A is incorrect as HIV is not spread through casual contact. Choice B is incorrect because HIV does not live for long periods outside the body. Choice C is incorrect as tears and saliva do not typically transmit HIV. Understanding how HIV is transmitted helps in implementing effective prevention strategies.
What treatment does a nurse expect to initiate for a depressed patient who is agitated, vomiting, hyperthermic, hyperreflexive, and tachycardic?
- A. Serotonin syndrome: Anticonvulsants for seizures
- B. Clonazepam for myoclonus
- C. Lorazepam for restlessness and agitation
- D. Palpitations
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Serotonin syndrome: Anticonvulsants for seizures. The patient's symptoms of agitation, vomiting, hyperthermia, hyperreflexia, and tachycardia are indicative of serotonin syndrome. Treatment involves stopping the offending medications, supportive care, and in severe cases, anticonvulsants for seizures. Choice B (Clonazepam) is incorrect as it is used for myoclonus, not the main symptoms presented. Choice C (Lorazepam) is incorrect as it is used for restlessness and agitation but not specifically for serotonin syndrome. Choice D (Palpitations) is incorrect as it is a symptom of serotonin syndrome, not a treatment.
Which statement most accurately describes substance dependence?
- A. It is a lack of control over use. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms occur when intake is reduced or stopped.
- B. It occurs when psychoactive drug use interferes with the work of competing neurotransmitters.
- C. Symptoms occur when two or more drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS) have additive effects.
- D. It involves taking a combination of substances to weaken or inhibit the effect of another drug.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Answer A:
1. Substance dependence involves a lack of control over use, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.
2. Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are key indicators of substance dependence when intake is reduced or stopped.
3. These symptoms result from physiological changes in the body due to chronic drug use.
4. The cycle of tolerance and withdrawal reinforces the dependence on the substance.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B. Interference with neurotransmitters is more related to the pharmacological effects of drugs, not a defining feature of substance dependence.
C. Additive effects of drugs do not necessarily indicate substance dependence but rather interactions between different substances.
D. Combining substances to weaken effects does not define substance dependence; it is more about the compulsive use and physical dependence on a substance.
Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to the minimization of the significance of a patient's symptoms by a health care provider?
- A. Middle age
- B. Female gender
- C. High income
- D. Caucasian race
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Female gender is often linked to symptom minimization due to bias.
Which of the following services would be especially helpful for terminally ill Muslim patients?
- A. Referring the patient for additional tests
- B. Negotiating a plan for outside visitors, especially the Imam
- C. Providing patients with motivational pamphlets
- D. Serving regular hospital meals
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Facilitating Imam visits supports spiritual needs, crucial for Muslim patients at end-of-life.