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The nurse is describing clinical reasoning to a group of nursing students. Which is most descriptive of clinical reasoning?
- A. Purposeful and goal directed
- B. A simple developmental process
- C. Based on deliberate and irrational thought
- D. Assists individuals in guessing what is most appropriate
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Clinical reasoning is a complex developmental process based on rational and deliberate thought. When thinking is clear, precise, accurate, relevant, consistent, and fair, a logical connection develops between the elements of thought and the problem at hand.
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The nurse is planning a teaching session to adolescents about deaths by unintentional injuries. Which should the nurse include in the session with regard to deaths caused by injuries?
- A. More deaths occur in males.
- B. More deaths occur in females.
- C. The pattern of deaths does not vary according to age and sex.
- D. The pattern of deaths does not vary widely among different ethnic groups.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The majority of deaths from unintentional injuries occur in males. The pattern of death does vary greatly among different ethnic groups, and the causes of unintentional deaths vary with age and gender.
The nurse is teaching parents about the types of behaviors children exhibit when living with chronic violence. Which statement made by the parents indicates further teaching is needed?
- A. We should watch for aggressive play.
- B. Our child may show lasting symptoms of stress.
- C. We know that our child will show caring behaviors.
- D. Our child may have difficulty concentrating in school.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The statement that the child will show caring behaviors needs further teaching. Children living with chronic violence may exhibit behaviors such as difficulty concentrating in school, memory impairment, aggressive play, uncaring behaviors, and lasting symptoms of stress.
The nurse is aware that which age group is at risk for childhood injury because of the cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking?
- A. Preschool
- B. Young school age
- C. Middle school age
- D. Adolescent
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Preschool children have the cognitive characteristic of magical and egocentric thinking, meaning they are unable to comprehend danger to self or others. Young and middle school-aged children have transitional cognitive processes, and they may attempt dangerous acts without detailed planning but recognize danger to themselves or others. Adolescents have formal operational cognitive processes and are preoccupied with abstract thinking.
The nurse is talking to a group of parents of school-age children at an after-school program about childhood health problems. Which statement should the nurse include in the teaching?
- A. Childhood obesity is the most common nutritional problem among children.
- B. Immunization rates are the same among children of different races and ethnicity.
- C. Dental caries is not a problem commonly seen in children since the introduction of fluoridated water.
- D. Mental health problems are typically not seen in school-age children but may be diagnosed in adolescents.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When teaching parents of school-age children about childhood health problems, the nurse should include information about childhood obesity because it is the most common problem among children and is associated with type 2 diabetes. Teaching parents about ways to prevent obesity is important to include. Immunization rates differ depending on the childs race and ethnicity; dental caries continues to be a common chronic disease in childhood; and mental health problems are seen in children as young as school age, not just in adolescents.
What do mortality statistics describe?
- A. Disease occurring regularly within a geographic location
- B. The number of individuals who have died over a specific period
- C. The prevalence of specific illness in the population at a particular time
- D. Disease occurring in more than the number of expected cases in a community
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Mortality statistics refer to the number of individuals who have died over a specific period. Morbidity statistics show the prevalence of specific illness in the population at a particular time. Data regarding disease within a geographic region, or in greater than expected numbers in a community, may be extrapolated from analyzing the morbidity statistics.