Nokea
The nurse is performing an assessment on the patient who is in bilateral Buck traction. Which finding indicates the need to reposition the patient?
- A. The patient's heels are not touching the surface of the mattress.
- B. The elastic bandages need to be revrapped.
- C. The patient's feet are against the footboard.
- D. The weights are hanging free.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because if the patient's feet are against the footboard in Buck traction, it can cause pressure ulcers and compromise circulation. Repositioning the patient is necessary to ensure proper alignment and prevent complications.
Incorrect choices:
A: The patient's heels not touching the mattress can be due to the traction pulling the legs in a specific position.
B: Rewrapping the elastic bandages may be necessary for proper traction maintenance but doesn't indicate immediate need for repositioning.
D: The weights hanging free is a normal finding in Buck traction and indicates proper traction application.
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Secondary lymphoid tissues are where:
- A. naïve lymphocytes become activated
- B. VDI gene rearrangement occurs
- C. Somatic hypermutation occurs
- D. Two of these options are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because secondary lymphoid tissues are where both A and C processes occur. Naïve lymphocytes become activated in secondary lymphoid tissues through interactions with antigens, leading to their differentiation into effector cells. Somatic hypermutation also occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues, specifically in germinal centers of lymph nodes, leading to the generation of high-affinity antibodies. Option B, VDI gene rearrangement, does not occur in secondary lymphoid tissues; it is a process that happens in the primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus) during the development of lymphocytes. Thus, options A and C are correct, making the correct answer D.
The best treatment for mononucleosis is:
- A. Antibiotics.
- B. Physical therapy.
- C. NSAIDs.
- D. Rest and fluids.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mononucleosis is caused by a viral infection, so antibiotics are ineffective. Rest and fluids are the most effective treatments as they support the body's immune response and help manage symptoms like fatigue and dehydration.
Which of the following is necessary to produce a T-cell repertoire capable of interacting with self MHC molecules?
- A. Two of these responses are correct
- B. Positive selection
- C. Negative selection
- D. Induction of energy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Positive selection is necessary to produce a T-cell repertoire capable of interacting with self MHC molecules. During positive selection in the thymus, T-cells that can recognize self MHC molecules are retained, ensuring self-tolerance and functionality. Negative selection eliminates self-reactive T-cells. Induction of anergy is a state of T-cell unresponsiveness and does not contribute to the development of a functional T-cell repertoire. Choice A is incorrect as only positive selection is necessary for self MHC recognition.
What is the function of MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells?
- A. Secreting cytokines
- B. Binding and destroying pathogens
- C. Displaying antigen fragments for T cell recognition
- D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, displaying antigen fragments for T cell recognition. MHC molecules bind to antigen fragments and present them on the cell surface for T cells to recognize. This process is crucial for activating the immune response. Choice A is incorrect as MHC molecules do not secrete cytokines. Choice B is incorrect as MHC molecules do not directly destroy pathogens. Choice D is incorrect as MHC molecules do not produce antibodies; that is the function of B cells.
Which of the following is a characteristic of CTL?
- A. They kill target cells through recognition of peptide-MHC class I complexes
- B. They die in the process of killing a target cell
- C. They can kill target cells by activating complement
- D. They carry out their effector function in secondary lymphoid tissues
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill target cells by recognizing specific peptide antigens presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. This recognition triggers the CTLs to release cytotoxic molecules that induce apoptosis in the target cells. Choice B is incorrect because CTLs do not die in the process of killing target cells; they survive to continue their immune response. Choice C is incorrect as CTLs do not kill target cells by activating complement, but rather through direct cell-cell contact. Choice D is incorrect because CTLs carry out their effector function in peripheral tissues where they encounter target cells, not specifically in secondary lymphoid tissues.