Nokea
What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?
- A. adrenal medulla
- B. salivatory gland
- C. reproductive gland
- D. thymus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland and secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to stress, leading to fight-or-flight responses. The salivary gland produces saliva, the reproductive gland produces sex hormones, and the thymus produces T-cells for the immune system, none of which are related to fight-or-flight responses.
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A technique that has proven to be helpful in training individuals with amnesia, where people are prevented - as far as possible - from making any errors while learning a new skill or new information is known as:
- A. Mnemonic training.
- B. Errorless learning.
- C. Aquistion learning.
- D. Prevention training.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Errorless learning is a training technique used to help individuals with amnesia acquire new skills or information without making mistakes. By minimizing errors during the learning process, this method enhances memory retention and reduces the likelihood of incorrect information being stored. Errorless learning is particularly effective for individuals with memory impairments, as it leverages their residual learning abilities and promotes successful skill acquisition.
A patient who was in an automobile accident 30 minutes ago reports that he or she is unable to move his or her legs. What is the best response?
- A. Swelling due to the initial trauma may make the injury seem more severe than it actually is. A more accurate assessment will be made once the swelling goes down.
- B. Swelling owing to the initial trauma prevents you from moving your legs.
- C. There are good rehabilitation centers that will help restore sensation to your legs.
- D. You should have been wearing your seatbelt.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Swelling after trauma can temporarily affect mobility and should be addressed before making long-term predictions.
A client with rheumatoid arthritis taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) should be taught that, because of this drug therapy, he should
- A. expect relief of pain and inflammation within 1-2 weeks
- B. have an eye examination every 4-6 months
- C. take the medication before bedtime
- D. be alert for development of a skin rash
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hydroxychloroquine can cause retinal damage, requiring regular eye exams.
Dilatation of the peripheral arterial blood vessels can be caused by:
- A. thromboxane A2
- B. adenosine diphosphate
- C. endothelin
- D. prostaglandins
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prostaglandins, particularly prostacyclin (PGI2), are potent vasodilators. Thromboxane A2, adenosine diphosphate, and endothelin are vasoconstrictors and do not cause peripheral arterial dilatation.
The patient with gout will have periodic exacerbations of painful joint inflammation. Acute episodes are treated with
- A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and colchicine.
- B. Allopurinol and aspirin.
- C. Antibiotics and acetaminophen.
- D. Bisphosphonates and calcium.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: NSAIDs and colchicine are used for acute gout attacks, whereas allopurinol is used for long-term management.