Nokea
The lateral half of the ankle is supplied by which dermatome
- A. L3
- B. L4
- C. L5
- D. S1
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The S1 dermatome supplies the lateral aspect of the ankle and foot. This is important in diagnosing sacral nerve root compression.
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Brown-Sequard syndrome develops with the following damage of the spinal cord:
- A. complete transversal
- B. anterior horns
- C. half transversal
- D. posterior horns
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Half transversal is the correct answer because Brown-Sequard syndrome results from damage to one side of the spinal cord. This leads to ipsilateral motor paralysis and loss of proprioception, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation due to the crossing of spinothalamic tract fibers.
The mechanism of action for entacapone is:
- A. COMT inhibition
- B. MAO-B inhibition
- C. D2-receptor inhibition
- D. Dopa-decarboxylase inhibition
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Entacapone works by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which prolongs the effect of levodopa by preventing its breakdown.
While making a home visit she complains to you of experiencing increasing joint stiffness. You learn she has been doing a lot of reading lately. Based on these data you conclude she
- A. needs to exercise involved joints periodically
- B. needs to take long walks twice a day
- C. is a chronic complainer
- D. needs to rest involved joints for one hour at a time
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regular exercise maintains joint flexibility and reduces stiffness.
Nerve cells form long projections called ________.
- A. soma
- B. axons
- C. dendrites
- D. synapses
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: axons. Nerve cells form long projections called axons to transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body. Axons are essential for communicating signals between different parts of the nervous system. Soma (A) refers to the cell body of the neuron, dendrites (C) are short, branched extensions that receive signals, and synapses (D) are the junctions where neurons communicate with each other, not the long projections themselves. Therefore, axons are the correct choice for the long projections formed by nerve cells.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is progressively lost in Parkinson's disease?
- A. somatostatin
- B. dopamine
- C. acetylcholine
- D. endorphin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain. This loss leads to the motor symptoms of the disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.