Nokea
Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?
- A. Multiple foci of nerve degeneration throughout brain and spinal cord
- B. Decreased secretion of acetylcholine at myoneural junctions
- C. Atrophy of voluntary muscles
- D. Destruction of nerve cells of the basal ganglia of the brain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Parkinson's disease involves destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia.
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With regard to dermatomal nerve supply:
- A. C7 supplies the index finger
- B. The anterior axial line of the upper limb runs between C6 and C7
- C. T6 is at the level of the nipple
- D. The umbilicus is supplied by either T12 or L1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The T6 dermatome corresponds to the level of the nipple. Dermatomes are specific regions of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.
A nurse is taking care of a client with ptosis (drooping) of the eyelids, difficulty chewing and swallowing, diplopia, voice weakness, masklike facial expression, and weakness of the extremities. Which of the following conditions does the nurse suspect?
- A. Parkinson's disease
- B. Extrapyramidal disorder
- C. Multiple sclerosis
- D. Myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Myasthenia gravis presents with these symptoms, particularly muscle weakness.
To assess cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve), the nurse should:
- A. Perform a hearing test and assess balance.
- B. Evaluate the patient's ability to swallow.
- C. Inspect the patient's throat.
- D. Palpate the patient's neck.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Cranial nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve) is responsible for hearing and balance. A hearing test and balance assessment evaluate its function. Swallowing, throat inspection, and neck palpation are unrelated.
Which intervention should you delegate to the nursing assistant for a patient with carpal tunnel syndrome preparing for surgery?
- A. Initiate placement of a splint for immobilization during the day.
- B. Assess the patient's wrist and hand for discoloration and brittle nails.
- C. Assist the patient with daily self-care measures such as bathing and eating.
- D. Test the patient for painful tingling in the four digits of the hand.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Daily self-care assistance is a suitable task for a nursing assistant.
A refractory period is___________.
- A. a brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse
- B. the period during which potassium and sodium ions are completely stable
- C. the same as the resting potential
- D. the short time the myelin sheath provides insulation from another impulse
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The refractory period is a brief time following an action potential during which a neuron is unable to fire another impulse. This period ensures that action potentials propagate in one direction and allows the neuron to reset its ion gradients. The refractory period is divided into the absolute refractory period, when no new action potentials can be generated, and the relative refractory period, when a stronger-than-usual stimulus is required to generate an action potential.