Nokea
Which of the following structures is responsible for producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice, which are essential for the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine?
- A. Liver
- B. Gallbladder
- C. Pancreas
- D. Spleen
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pancreas is the structure responsible for producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine to facilitate the absorption of nutrients. The pancreas plays a crucial role in the process of digestion, making it an essential organ in the digestive system. The liver is primarily involved in producing bile to aid in the digestion of fats, the gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, and the spleen is involved in filtering the blood and storing blood cells.
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A patient became seriously ill after a nurse gave him the wrong medication. After his recovery , he filed a lawsuit. Who is MOST likely to be held liable?
- A. No one because it was an accident
- B. hospital
- C. nurse
- D. nurse and the hospital
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In cases where a patient becomes seriously ill or is harmed due to receiving the wrong medication, both the nurse and the hospital are likely to be held liable. The nurse is responsible for administering the correct medication to the patient, and any error in this process can lead to harm. The hospital may also be held liable for the actions of its employees, including nurses, under the legal principle of vicarious liability. Additionally, the hospital has a duty to ensure that proper protocols are in place to prevent medication errors, and failure to do so can lead to liability. Therefore, in this scenario, both the nurse and the hospital are likely to share liability for the patient's harm.
Autonomy is the prerogative of the patient to give consent or refusal of treatment with the EXCEPTION of which of the following situations?
- A. Erroneous belief of a head of a church
- B. Negative effect of superstition
- C. Near death
- D. Peer pressure
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Autonomy refers to the patient's right to make decisions about their own health care, including the ability to give consent or refusal of treatment. This right is based on the patient's own beliefs, values, and preferences. However, in the case of an erroneous belief of a head of a church, it may conflict with the patient's own autonomy and ability to make decisions based on their own beliefs. In such a situation, it is important for healthcare providers to respect the patient's autonomy while also addressing any potential conflicts that may arise from external influences such as the erroneous belief of a head of a church.
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones within the renal collecting system?
- A. Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction
- B. Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction
- C. Renal colic
- D. Nephrolithiasis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nephrolithiasis refers to the formation of stones within the kidney or urinary tract. The most common types of kidney stones are either composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate. When these stones form within the renal collecting system, they can lead to symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, and urinary obstruction. Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction are specific types of blockages within the urinary system that can be caused by kidney stones but are not characteristic of the stone formation itself. Renal colic is the term used to describe the severe pain associated with the passage of a kidney stone through the ureter.
A nurse is preparing to assist with a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) procedure for a patient. What action should the nurse prioritize to ensure patient safety during TEE?
- A. Placing the patient in a supine position with arms at their sides
- B. Administering intravenous sedation to the patient before the procedure
- C. Instructing the patient to refrain from eating or drinking for six hours before the procedure
- D. Ensuring the availability of emergency equipment and resuscitation medications
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Ensuring the availability of emergency equipment and resuscitation medications is crucial to prioritize patient safety during a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) procedure. TEE involves inserting a specialized probe (transducer) into the esophagus to obtain detailed images of the heart. While complications during TEE are rare, they can include adverse reactions to sedation, esophageal injury, arrhythmias, or other cardiac events. By having emergency equipment and resuscitation medications readily available, the healthcare team can respond promptly to any unforeseen complications or emergencies that may arise during the procedure, ensuring optimal patient safety. Placing the patient in a supine position, providing sedation, and advising the patient to fast before the procedure are important aspects of the TEE process; however, ensuring emergency preparedness takes precedence in prioritizing patient safety during the procedure.
Despite the reaction of the patient, which of the ethical principle that the nurse is responsible of providing all patients with caring attention and information?
- A. Beneficence
- B. Veracity
- C. Nonmaleficence
- D. Advocacy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Advocacy is the ethical principle that the nurse is responsible for providing all patients with caring attention and information, despite the reaction of the patient. Advocacy involves supporting and speaking up for the patient's best interests, ensuring they receive the care and information they need to make informed decisions about their health and well-being. Providing caring attention and information is essential in advocating for the patient's autonomy and well-being, even if the patient may not initially appreciate or react positively to these efforts.