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The nurse knows that stimulant medication for ADHD should be administered:
- A. At bedtime, to coincide with rising cortisol levels
- B. Only on school days to improve performance
- C. On an empty stomach
- D. With breakfast and lunch
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Because these medications can contribute to insomnia, it is best to administer them earlier in the day with food. These are generally taken daily unless the doctor orders a drug holiday.
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Which of the following statements by a patient with anorexia nervosa indicates a need for further education?
- A. I want to gain weight, but only if I can stay under 120 pounds.
- B. I understand that my body weight is dangerously low.
- C. I know that food is the enemy and I need to avoid it at all costs.
- D. I am willing to work with my healthcare team to improve my nutrition.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it indicates a misunderstanding of anorexia nervosa. Patients with anorexia often see food as the enemy, which is a distorted perception. Understanding that food is necessary for nourishment and health is crucial in recovery. Choice A shows an unhealthy weight goal, choice B shows awareness of low weight, and choice D shows willingness to work with the healthcare team, all of which are positive signs.
The nurse is explaining to the family of a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia that the disorder is considered to have neurobiological origins. When the patient's mother asks, 'What part of the brain is dysfunctional?' the nurse should reply, 'Research has implicated the:
- A. medulla and cortex.
- B. cerebellum and cerebrum.
- C. hypothalamus and medulla.
- D. prefrontal and limbic cortices.'
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: prefrontal and limbic cortices. The prefrontal cortex is involved in decision-making, planning, and social behavior, functions commonly impaired in schizophrenia. The limbic cortex regulates emotions and memory, areas affected in schizophrenia. Medulla (A, C) controls basic functions like breathing, not implicated in schizophrenia. Cerebellum (B) coordinates movement, unrelated to schizophrenia. Hypothalamus (C) regulates hormones, not directly linked to schizophrenia. In summary, D is correct as prefrontal and limbic cortices are key brain regions affected in schizophrenia, while the other choices are not directly involved in the disorder.
A patient reports an intense, overwhelming fear of driving a car. The fear has disrupted all elements of the patient's life. The patient does not go to the grocery store unless driven by someone else, has relinquished their job, and has few social contacts. The patient's treatment plan includes:
- A. assertiveness training
- B. biofeedback
- C. stress management assistance
- D. systematic desensitization
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Systematic desensitization gradually exposes the patient to driving-related stimuli, reducing phobia through controlled steps.
A woman tells the nurse that her husband abuses her most often when he is intoxicated, just as his father had beaten him and his mother. The woman is aware of the location of a safe house and has considered leaving home with her two children, but she cites being brought up to believe 'you keep quiet and stay together, no matter what happens.' She states the husband is always apologetic and remorseful after an incident. What evidence exists that the husband is at risk of becoming a perpetrator of physical abuse? He:
- A. is unable to make lasting behavioral changes.
- B. was an abused child.
- C. is without a job.
- D. experiences remorse.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the husband's history of being abused as a child increases his risk of becoming a perpetrator of physical abuse. Research shows that individuals who have been abused are more likely to perpetrate abuse themselves. This is due to a cycle of violence where behaviors learned in childhood are repeated in adulthood. In this case, the husband's abusive behavior towards his wife mirrors his own upbringing where his father abused his mother. This pattern suggests that the husband may continue the cycle of abuse.
Choice A (is unable to make lasting behavioral changes) is incorrect because it does not directly correlate with the risk of becoming a perpetrator of physical abuse. Choice C (is without a job) is also incorrect as employment status does not necessarily indicate a propensity for abuse. Choice D (experiences remorse) is incorrect as feeling remorse after abusive incidents does not negate the risk of becoming a perpetrator of physical abuse.
Treatment of communication disorders is normally the domain of speech therapists and related disciplines, and a range of successful treatment programmes and equipment are available for disabilities such as phonological disorder and stuttering (Saltuklaroglu & Kalinowski, 2005; Law, Garrett & Nye, 2004). For example, hand-held equipment can provide which of the following?
- A. Significant auditory feedback (SAF)
- B. Magnified auditory feedback (MAF)
- C. Altered auditory feedback (AAF)
- D. Actual auditory feedback (AAF)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Altered Auditory Feedback (AAF): A treatment for stuttering providing delayed auditory feedback or frequency changes to improve speech fluency.