Nokea
The nurse notes that a patient has a history of falling. Which part of the brain should the nurse question as being affected in this patient?
- A. Medulla
- B. Cerebellum
- C. Frontal lobes
- D. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The cerebellum is responsible for coordination, balance, and posture, making it the most likely area affected in a patient with a history of falling. The medulla regulates vital functions, the frontal lobes control voluntary movement, and the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis. The cerebellum's role in motor control is essential for assessing balance issues.
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The following signs occur in ipsilateral interruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk:
- A. enophthalmos
- B. ptosis
- C. vasodilatation in the skin of the face
- D. All above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Interruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk leads to Horner's syndrome, characterized by ipsilateral ptosis (drooping eyelid), miosis (pupil constriction), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating). Enophthalmos (sunken eye) and vasodilatation in the facial skin may also occur due to loss of sympathetic tone.
What is the consequence for the ability of motor neurons to find their correct targets, if a section of the spinal cord is rotated, so that the antero-posterior axis is reversed?
- A. Anterior motor neurons enter the limb in a bundle in the posterior instead of the anterior, but then take novel pathways to find the correct anterior muscles to innervate.
- B. Anterior motor neurons enter the limb in a bundle in the posterior instead of the anterior, and follow pathways intended for posterior neurons to make contacts with posterior muscles.
- C. Anterior motor neurons change their course to enter the limb in the anterior, but take their usual pathways to find the correct anterior muscles.
- D. The motor neurons grow over to the other side of the spinal cord and resume their normal pathways into muscles on their normal side of the body.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When the antero-posterior axis of the spinal cord is reversed, motor neurons follow their intrinsic programming and enter the limb in the reversed position. They then innervate muscles based on their new position, leading to incorrect connections. This demonstrates the importance of spatial cues in guiding motor neurons to their correct targets.
Which condition is transmitted through wound contamination, causes painful tonic spasms or seizures, and can be prevented by immunization?
- A. Tetanus
- B. Botulism
- C. Neurosyphilis
- D. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tetanus fits the description provided.
One of the most widely used tests of executive functioning is the:
- A. Manhattan card sorting test.
- B. Quebec number sorting task.
- C. Wisconsin card sorting test.
- D. Minnesota number ordering test.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a widely used neuropsychological test designed to assess executive functions, such as problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, and the ability to adapt to changing rules. During the test, individuals must sort cards based on different criteria (e.g., color, shape) and adjust their strategy when the sorting rules change. This test is particularly useful for evaluating frontal lobe function and identifying deficits in executive functioning.
What is the function of a tendon?
- A. Attaches muscle to bone
- B. Connects bone to bone at the joint
- C. Connects cartilage to muscle in joints
- D. Attaches synovium to the joint capsule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tendons attach muscles to bones.